Method of making fibers with chemical markers and physical features used for coding

ABSTRACT

Disclosed are fibers which contain identification fibers. The identification fibers can contain a one or more of chemical markers and one or more distinct features, or taggants, which may vary among the fibers or be incorporated throughout all of the fibers. The chemical markers and distinct features can be representative of specific supply chain information. The supply chain information can be used to track the fibers from manufacturing through intermediaries, conversion to final product, and/or the consumer. The disclosed embodiments also relate to the method for making and characterizing the fibers. Characterization of the fibers can include identifying chemical markers and distinct features and correlating the chemical markers and distinct features to manufacturer-specific taggants to determine supply chain information.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisional application Ser. No. 14/748,841 which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/018,222, filed Jun. 27, 2014; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/018,182 filed Jun. 27, 2014; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/018,192, filed Jun. 27, 2014; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/105,017 filed Jan. 19, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/105,011 filed Jan. 19, 2015; U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/105,022 filed Jan. 19, 2015; and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/164,135 filed May 20, 2015 each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The disclosed embodiments relate to fibers comprising identification fibers. The identification fibers can contain a one or more of chemical markers and one or more distinct features, or taggants, which may vary among the fibers or be incorporated throughout all of the fibers. The chemical markers and distinct features can be representative of specific supply chain information. The supply chain information can be used to track the fibers from manufacturing through intermediaries, conversion to final product, and/or the consumer. The disclosed embodiments also relate to the method for making and characterizing the fibers. Characterization of the fibers can include identifying chemical markers and distinct features and correlating the chemical markers and distinct features to manufacturer-specific taggants to determine supply chain information.

BACKGROUND

Many industries have a need to mark, tag, or identify products that allows for the tracking and tracing of products through the supply chain. One of the primary purposes for such track and trace systems is the combating of illicit trade such as counterfeiting and black market sales.

Anti-counterfeiting measures (ACMs) can be regarded as three different types: Type I (Overt), Type II (Covert) and Type III (Forensic). Type I ACMs are features incorporated into an article that are readily identified and observable to the naked eye. Examples include watermarks, color shifting inks, colored fibers, bands, or strips incorporated into the article, and holograms. Type II ACMs are features that are incorporated into the article that require some form of instrument to identify the feature in the field. The instruments required are generally those that are readily available and transportable. Some examples include the incorporation of very small text (requiring the use of a magnifying glass), UV responsive inks or threads (requiring illumination with a UV light), and barcodes or RFID tags (requiring a specialized reader). Type III ACMs are hidden attributes that require specialized laboratory equipment to identify. Some Type III examples include nano-text, micro-taggants, DNA inks, and chemical additives.

As stated above, there are many widely-used packaging and labelling taggants and anti-counterfeiting measures (ACMs) in many industries, but these more overt solutions are often susceptible to countermeasures such as destruction, modification, duplication, repackaging, or relabeling. Altering the chemical and physical properties of the raw materials of a product can provide a more covert solution that is much more difficult to evade. These taggants may be used to track the fibers through the supply chain. The taggants may change the chemical and physical properties of the fibers, yarn, fiber bands, and/or derivative articles in a manner that is difficult to copy or alter but is detectable using standard chemical and image analysis techniques.

There is a need to manufacture, test, and track fibers in yarn and/or fiber bands and their derivative articles across a wide spectrum of industries. The ability to identify the source of a yarn, fiber band, and/or an article comprising the yarn or fiber band can be achieved by embedding some form of a code in the fiber(s) during the manufacturing process that can then be later identified, retrieved, and used to identify the yarn, fiber band and/or the article. Identification tags can be incorporated into the yarn or fiber band that can denote, for example, manufacturer, manufacture site, customer, and ship-to location among other supply chain information that might be useful for the track and trace of the fiber band and/or article.

The disclosed exemplary embodiments can be used, for example, to combat the continuing and growing illicit-trade problem of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes. It has been estimated that 10-12% of all cigarette sales are illicit, either counterfeit copies or sales that avoid paying excise taxes on the cigarettes (Tobacco International, “Tackling Illicit Trade, Pt. I,” December 2013). To combat this illicit trading requires a global effort consisting of manufacturers, distributors, regulators and customs/law enforcement as well as the retailer who sell the cigarettes to the consumers. There is a need to be able to track and ultimately trace components used in the construction of a cigarette. For example, the ability to track part of the supply chain path of acetate tow contained in the filter of a black market cigarette may give helpful information on the source of these illicit cigarettes.

There is a need for a traceable acetate tow that is readily manufactured, does not impact the performance of a cigarette filter, and is detectable, not only in an acetate tow band, but also in a single or a set of cigarettes/cigarette filters. There is a need for traceable acetate tow that does not impact the pressure drop and yield of a cigarette filter. There is a need for traceable acetate tow that maintains its traceability when bloomed, plasticized, and formed into a filter.

BRIEF SUMMARY

In some embodiments, fibers comprise identification fibers wherein (a) a portion of the identification fibers comprise 1 to 100 chemical markers and (b) a portion of the identification fibers exhibits at least one distinct feature. The identification fibers comprise one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or a same combination of the distinct features. The amount of each of the chemical markers, based on a weight of the fibers, is defined as a chemical marker amount and at least one of the chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amount. The number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count and at least one of the fiber counts corresponds to a taggant fiber count. The chemical markers, the chemical marker amounts, the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers, and the taggant fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the fibers.

In further embodiments an acetate tow band comprises fibers comprising identification fibers. A portion of the identification fibers comprise 1 to 100 chemical markers and a portion of the identification fibers exhibits at least one distinct feature. The identification fibers comprise one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or a same combination of the distinct features. The amount of each of the chemical markers, based on a weight of the fibers, is defined as a chemical marker amount and at least one of the chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amount. The number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count and at least one of the fiber counts corresponds to a taggant fiber count. The chemical markers, the chemical marker amounts, the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers, and the taggant fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the acetate tow band.

In further embodiments, a method for making an acetate tow band comprises (a) obtaining the identification fibers; (b) producing the standard fibers on a first fiber production process; and (c) combining the standard fibers with the identification fibers into the acetate tow band. The acetate tow band comprises fibers comprising identification fibers and standard fibers. The standard fibers comprise cellulose acetate. A portion of the identification fibers comprise 1 to 100 chemical markers and a portion of the identification fibers exhibits at least one distinct feature. The identification fibers comprise one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or a same combination of the distinct features. The amount of each of the chemical markers, based on a weight of the fibers, is defined as a chemical marker amount and at least one of the chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amount. The number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count and at least one of the fiber counts corresponds to a taggant fiber count. The chemical markers, the chemical marker amounts, the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers, and the taggant fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the acetate tow band.

In yet other embodiments, a method for characterizing a fiber sample comprising fibers is disclosed. A portion of the identification fibers comprise 1 to 100 chemical markers and a portion of the identification fibers exhibits at least one distinct feature. The identification fibers comprise one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or a same combination of the distinct features. The method comprises chemical analysis and image analysis. The chemical analysis comprises: (1) dissolving the fiber sample in a solvent to produce a sample solution and/or insolubles; (2) analyzing the sample solution and/or the insoluble to identify the chemical markers and each of the chemical marker amounts. The image analysis comprises (1) applying imaging technology to the fiber sample, (2) detecting the groups of the distinguishable identification fibers, and (3) counting a number of each of the distinguishable identification fibers. The amount of each of the chemical markers, based on a weight of the fibers, is defined as a chemical marker amount and at least one of the chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amounts. The number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count and at least one of the fiber counts corresponds to a taggant fiber count. The chemical markers, the chemical marker amounts, the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers, and the taggant fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the fiber sample.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1(a) illustrates a fiber band containing cellulose acetate fibers with three cross-section shapes and 1(b) illustrates a stitched-together photomicrograph of a filter rod of Example 242.

FIG. 2 illustrates a non-limiting example of sets of identification fibers that could be used to represent supply chain information.

FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) illustrate non-limiting examples of a multicomponent fiber spinpacks capable of producing multicomponent fibers with different numbers of segments.

FIGS. 4(a) and 4(b) illustrates a non-limiting example of a polymer feed system which allows for ready exchange of polymers between segments of multicomponent fibers.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate non-limiting examples of communication and shipping channels among one or more entities consistent with disclosed embodiments

FIG. 6 illustrates a non-limiting example of a computing system used by one or more entities consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 7 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for embedding supply chain information into fibers, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate non-limiting examples of processes for generating correlation data, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 10 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for producing identification fibers, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 11 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for choosing one or more manufacturing methods for producing identification fibers, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 12 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for identifying supply chain information from a sample, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 13 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for assigning combinations of distinct features and taggant fiber counts to supply chain components, consistent with the disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 14 illustrates an additional non-limiting example of a process for embedding supply chain information into fibers, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIGS. 15 and 16 illustrate additional non-limiting examples of processes for generating correlation data, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 17 illustrates an additional non-limiting example of a process for producing identification fibers, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 18 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for choosing one or more manufacturing methods for producing identification fibers, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 19 illustrates an additional non-limiting example of a process for identifying chemical markers from identification fibers, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 20 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for assigning, to supply chain components, combinations of chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or number of taggant chemical marker amounts that uniquely represent the supply chain components, consistent with disclosed embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The disclosed embodiments provide fibers comprise identification fibers wherein (a) a portion of the identification fibers comprise 1 to 100 chemical markers and (b) a portion of the identification fibers exhibits at least one distinct feature. The identification fibers comprise one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or a same combination of the distinct features. The amount of each of the chemical markers, based on a weight of the fibers, is defined as a chemical marker amount and at least one of the chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amount. The number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count and at least one of the fiber counts corresponds to a taggant fiber count. The chemical markers, the chemical marker amounts, the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers, and the taggant fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the fibers.

Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as molecular weight, reaction conditions, and so forth used in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.”

It is to be understood that the mention of one or more process steps does not preclude the presence of additional process steps before or after the combined recited steps or intervening process steps between those steps expressly identified. Moreover, the lettering of process steps or ingredients is a convenient means for identifying discrete activities or ingredients and the recited lettering can be arranged in any sequence, unless otherwise indicated.

As used herein the term “and/or,” when used in a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items can be employed by itself, or any combination of two or more of the listed items can be employed. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and/or C, the composition can contain A alone; B alone; C alone; A and B in combination; A and C in combination; B and C in combination; or A, B, and C in combination.

The term “fibers”, as used herein, refers to thin flexible threadlike objects. Fibers can be natural fibers or man-made. The term “polymer”, as used herein refers to the base material from which the fibers are made. Non-limiting examples of polymers include acrylic, modacrylic, aramid, nylon, polyester, polypropylene, rayon, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene, PTFE, and cellulose acetate. The term “filament”, as used herein, refers to a single fiber. The term “fiber band”, as used herein, refers to multiple fibers placed adjacent to each other along their lengths such that the fibers remain untwisted or entangled and form a substantially rectangular cross section with a high width-to-depth ratio. Fiber bands are often formed to allow for effective crimping of the fibers and can be cut into a staple or processed as a continuous band, depending on the end use. Fiber bands are typically not woven or knitted into a fabric article unless first converted into staple to form a thread. Fibers can also be in the form of yarn. The term “yarn”, as used herein, refers to multiple fibers placed adjacent to each other along their lengths, often twisted or entangled together to improve fiber cohesiveness and performance, and typically forming a substantially rounded cross section. Yarn can be processed as continuous strands or cut into smaller lengths, depending on the end use.

Fibers can be identification fibers and/or standard fibers. The term “standard fibers”, as used herein, refers to fibers which are manufactured for the primary purpose and use in producing articles. Standard fibers have not been purposefully manipulated to comprise chemical markers or distinct features used to identify and track the standard fibers, yarn, a fiber band, and/or an article comprising standard fibers. The term “identification fibers”, as used herein, refers to the fibers having chemical markers or distinct features that can be used to identify and track the fibers, yarn, or fiber band. Identification fibers can be all of the fibers, or alternatively, identification fibers can be a subset of the fibers in the fibers, yarn, or fiber band.

The term “chemical markers”, as used herein, refers to chemical compounds added to, or inherent in, the fibers for identification purposes. Non-limiting examples of chemical markers include non-volatile organic compounds, photoluminescent materials, polymeric additives, carbohydrates, metal oxides, inorganic salts, optical isomers, isotopically labeled molecules, and trace chemicals inherent to the manufacturer of the fibers and/or fiber raw materials. The term “taggant chemical markers”, as used herein, refers to a collection of chemical markers used by one or more entity (e.g., manufacturer) in a system for embedding and/or determining standard fibers, yarn, and/or fiber band supply chain information.

The term “chemical marker amount”, as used herein, refers to the amount of a chemical marker present in the fibers, yarn, fiber band, and/or article based on the weight of the fibers. The fibers can include identification fibers and/or standard fibers. The term of “taggant chemical marker amount”, as used herein, refers to the collection of chemical marker amounts which can be used by one or more entity (e.g., manufacturer) in a system for embedding and/or determining standard fibers, yarn, fiber band, and/or article supply chain information.

The term “photoluminescent materials” as used herein, refers to either photoluminescent compounds or absorbent dyes. The concentration of the photoluminescent may be so small as to not be observed by image analysis and yet be detectable via chemical analysis, for example, spectroscopy.

The term “isotopically labeled molecules”, as used herein, refers to molecules synthesized with higher levels of stable isotopes than normally found in nature. Non-limiting examples of stable isotopes include carbon (¹²C/¹³C), oxygen (¹⁶O/¹⁸O), sulfur (³²S/³⁴S) and nitrogen (¹⁴N/¹⁵N).

The term “trace chemicals inherent to the manufacture”, as used herein, refers to chemical markers incorporated into a product via, for example, raw materials or processing aids. The term “trace chemicals inherent to the manufacture of polymer”, as used herein, refers to chemical markers incorporated into the polymer during the polymer manufacture via, for example, raw materials or processing aids. The term “trace chemicals inherent to the manufacture of fibers”, as used herein, refers to chemical markers incorporated into the fiber during the fiber manufacture via, for example, raw materials or processing aids. The term “trace chemicals inherent in the manufacture of a fiber band”, as used herein, refers to chemical markers incorporated into the fiber band during the fiber band manufacture via, for example, raw materials or processing aids.

The term, “polymer”, as used herein, refers to the resin or material used to make the fiber. The polymer can comprise synthetic or natural material. The term “average molecular weight”, as used herein, refers to the number or weight average molecular weight of a polymer or polymeric additive. The term “spinning solvent”, as used herein, refers to the material in which a polymer can be solubilized, wherein the solution of polymer and spinning solvents can be extruded into a fiber.

The term “multicomponent fibers”, as used herein, are fibers which contain 2 or more distinguishable segments per filament.

The term “distinct features”, as used herein, refers to variances among fibers that can be identified using imaging technology. Non-limiting examples of distinct features include cross-section shapes, cross-section sizes, optical properties, and surface markings. For multicomponent fibers, non-limiting examples of distinct features also include segment counts, segment shapes, segment sizes, segment geometrical relationships, and segment pointers. The term “combination of distinct features”, as used herein, refers to the two or more distinct features exhibited by an identification fiber.

The term “distinguishable identification fibers”, as used herein, refers to identification fibers having the same distinct feature or combination of distinct features. The term a “group of the distinguishable identification fibers”, as used herein, refers to one or more filaments of the distinguishable identification fibers. The term “reference fiber”, as used herein, refers to a particular distinguishable identification fiber that can be used, for example, to calibrate distinct features, such as cross-section size, of other distinguishable identification fibers. The identification fibers consist of all of the groups of the distinguishable identification fibers.

The term “fiber counts”, as used herein, refers to the number of each of the distinguishable identification fibers that are physically present in the fibers, yarn, fiber bands, and/or article. The term “taggant fiber counts”, as used herein, refers to the collection of fiber count alternatives for each of the distinguishable identification fibers which can be established used by one or more entity (e.g., manufacturer) in a system for embedding and/or determining standard fibers, yarn, fiber band, and/or article supply chain information.

The term, “cross-section shapes”, as used herein, refers to the contours of fibers when viewed on the plane cutting through the fibers at right angles to their length. The term “taggant cross-section shapes”, as used herein refers to a collection of cross-section shapes used by one or more entity (e.g., manufacturer) in a system for embedding and/or determining standard fibers, yarn, and/or fiber band supply chain information. Reference cross-section shape refers to the cross-section shape of the reference fiber.

The term, “cross-section sizes”, as used herein, refers to the quantitative dimension of fibers when viewed on the plane cutting through the fibers at right angles to their length. For a circular cross-section shape, the cross-section size can be the diameter of the cross-section. For a noncircular cross-section shape, the area of the cross-section can be determined and the cross-section size can be characterized as the effective diameter. The effective diameter is the corresponding diameter of a circular cross-section having the same area. For noncircular cross sections, the cross section size can also be characterized by the circumcised diameter, defined as the diameter of the smallest circle that can completely encompass the cross section. The term “taggant cross-section sizes”, as used herein refers to a collection of cross-section sizes used by one or more entity (e.g., manufacturer) in a system for embedding and/or determining standard fibers, yarn, and/or fiber band supply chain information. Reference cross-section size refers to the cross-section size of the reference fiber.

The term, “optical properties”, as used herein, refers to electromagnetic radiation responses observed when the fibers and/or segments of multicomponent fibers are exposed to a specific electromagnetic radiation sources. The term includes color which can be observed with the human eye as well as with an instrument such as one capable of identifying a spectrophotometric signature. Non-limiting examples of electromagnetic radiation include x-ray, ultraviolet, visible light, infrared, and so-called “T-ray” (terahertz frequencies). The term “taggant optical properties”, as used herein refers to a collection of known optical properties used by one or more manufacturer in a system for determining fibers, fiber band, and/or yarn supply chain information.

The term, “surface markings”, as used herein, refers to variances in the fibers produced by physically altering the fiber surface. Non-limiting examples include notches in the fiber, scoring or etching of the fiber, bubbles or other morphological change on the fiber surface, barcodes printed on the fiber, and intermittent bleaching of the fiber to produce a pattern of optical properties. The term “taggant surface markings”, as used herein refers to a collection of known surface markings used by one or more manufacturer in a system for determining fiber band supply chain information.

The term, “segment counts”, as used herein, refers to the numbers of segments present in each of the multicomponent fibers. Multicomponent fibers with different segment counts are distinguishable identification fibers. The term “taggant segment counts”, as used herein, refers to a collection of segment counts for each of the distinguishable multicomponent fibers which can be used by one or more entity (e.g., manufacturer) in a system for embedding and/or determining standard fibers, yarn, fiber band, and/or article supply chain information.

The term, “segment shapes”, as used herein, refers to the cross-section shape of segments within a multicomponent fiber. The term “taggant segment shapes”, as used herein, refers to a collection of cross-section shapes used by one or more entity (e.g., manufacturer) in a system for embedding and/or determining standard fibers, yarn, and/or fiber band supply chain information.

The term, “segment sizes”, as used herein, refers to the cross-section size of segments within a multicomponent fiber. The term “taggant segment sizes”, as used herein, refers to a collection of cross-section sizes used by one or more entity (e.g., manufacturer) in a system for embedding and/or determining standard fibers, yarn, and/or fiber band supply chain information.

The term, “segment geometrical relationships”, as used herein, refers to the relative location of one or more segments of a multicomponent fiber. The term “taggant geometrical relationships”, as used herein refers to a collection of geometrical relationships used by one or more manufacturer in a system for determining fibers, fiber band, and/or yarn supply chain information.

The term “segment pointers” as used herein, refers to physical features of the multicomponent fiber used to give orientation for assessing the geometrical relationship of segments. The term “taggant segment pointers”, as used herein refers to a collection of segment pointers used by one or more manufacturer in a system for determining fibers, fiber band, and/or yard chain information.

The term “majority of fibers”, as used herein, refers to greater than 50 percent of the fibers in the yarn or fiber band based on the total number of fibers.

The term “total identification fibers number”, as used herein, refers to the sum of each of the distinguishable identification fibers in the yarn or fiber band. The term “taggant total identification fibers number”, as used herein, refers to the total number of distinguishable identification fibers used by one or more entity (e.g., manufacturer) in a system for embedding and/or determining fibers, fiber band, and/or yarn supply chain information.

The term, “cellulose acetate”, as used herein, refers to an acetate ester of cellulose wherein the hydrogen in the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose glucose unit is replaced by acetyl groups through an acetylation reaction. In some embodiments, suitable cellulose acetates may have a degree of substitution less than about 3 acetyl groups per glucose unite, preferably in the range of 2.2 to about 2.8, and most preferably in the range of 2.4 to 2.7.

The terms, “cellulose acetate tow” or “acetate tow”, as used herein, refers to a continuous, crimped fiber band comprised of cellulose acetate fibers. The term “cellulose acetate yarn, as used herein, refers to a continuous uncrimped fiber band comprised of cellulose acetate fibers.

The term, “article”, as used herein, refers to a unit produced from standard fibers, yarn, and/or a fiber band, including other components and additives needed to meet the functional requirements of the intended use. Non-limiting examples include, fabrics and other textile products, non-wovens, absorbent products, filters, filter rods, cigarette filters and liquid storage reservoirs. The term “article comprising fibers, yarn, or fiber bands”, as used herein, refers to the article comprising the fibers, yarn, or fiber bands with a recognition that, in some embodiments, significant physical changes can occur to the fibers, yarn, or fiber band when it is used to make an article.

The term, “filter”, as used herein refers to a semi-permeable fibrous material. Non-limiting examples of filters include a filter rod, and items made from a filter rod such as a cigarette filter. The term “filter rod”, as used herein, refers to a cylindrical article, of any cross-sectional shape, produced from a fiber band and other components or additives, which can be subsequently used as a whole unit, or cut into lengths to form multiple units, for filtration of a vapor stream. Filter rods can be used to filter tobacco products, for example, traditional cigarette filters and/or other applications for other tobacco products including heat-not-burn products. Filter rods can also be used for new products comprising tobacco and other ingredients such as, for example, other plants or plant derivatives. Filter rods can be used to filter other plants and plant derivatives, with or without tobacco present. Additionally filter rods can be used to filter any vapor stream used to deliver an active ingredient such as in e-cigarette.

The term, “cigarette filter”, as used herein, refers to a component of the cigarette or other smoking device which removes or decreases one or more elements from a smoke stream. The term cigarette filter is intended to encompass the filter on any smoking device including the non-limiting examples of a cigarette, a cigarette holder, a cigar, a cigar holder, a pipe, a water pipe, a hookah, an electronic smoking device, a roll-your-own cigarette, a roll-your-own cigar, cigarette filter tube, and heat-not-burn cigarettes.

The term, “supply chain information” as used herein, refers to information regarding the production of the standard fibers, yarn, and/or fiber band and information regarding the distribution of the standard fibers, yarn, and/or fiber band after its production. Supply chain information includes “supply chain components” such as, for example, manufacturer, manufacture site, manufacture line, production run, production date, package, bale, customer, customer ship-to location, warehouses, freight carrier, and/or shipment paths or routes. Supply chain components can apply to fibers, yarn, fiber bands, and/or articles.

The term, “manufacturer”, as used herein, refers to the entity that produces the standard fibers, yarn, and/or fiber band.

The term “manufacture site”, as used herein, refers to the geographic location or locations of the manufacturer, designated by any level of specificity including full address, continent, country, state, province, county, or city.

The term “manufacture line”, as used herein, refers to specific process equipment or set of equipment used by the manufacturer to produce the standard fibers, yarn, and/or fiber band.

The term “production run”, as used herein, refers to a group or set of similar or related goods that are produced by using a particular set of manufacturing procedures, processes, or conditions, and/or product specifications.

The term “customer”, as used herein, refers to an entity to which the fibers, yarn, or fiber band is sold and shipped for further processing into an intermediate article or a finished product article; or an entity that purchases the yarn or fiber band for resale.

The term, “ship-to location”, as used herein, refers to the geographic location of the customer designated for delivery of the fibers, yarn, or fiber band by any level of specificity including full address, continent, country, state, province, county, or city.

The term, “bale” as used herein, refers to a packaged unit of fiber bands, typically of a cubical shape, compressed to a high density, and wrapped, contained, and protected by packaging material.

The term, “warehouse” as used herein, refers to the geographical location of the warehouse designated for delivery of the fibers, yarn, or fiber band by any level of specificity including full address, continent, country, state, province, country, or city.

The term, “correlating”, as used herein refers to establishing the relationship between two or more pieces of information.

The term, “manufacturer specific taggants”, as used herein, refers to the particular taggants incorporated into fibers, a yarn, or a fiber band by a particular manufacturer. The term, “manufacturer specific taggant set” refers to the taggant chemical markers associated with a particular manufacturer.

The term, “fibers are produced”, “producing fibers”, and “fiber production process”, as used herein, refers to the process steps of spinning fibers up through the gathering of the fibers into fiber bands.

The term, “identification fibers are packaged”, as used herein, refers to the process steps of transferring identification fibers from the spinning machine and packaging the identification fibers, for example, onto a spool or into a bale. The identification fibers can subsequently need to be removed from the package in order to be incorporated into fibers, a yarn, or a fiber band comprising standard fibers.

The term, “spinning solution”, as used herein, refers to the material to be spun. Non-limiting examples of a spinning solution can be a melt of the polymer for melt spinning or the fiber material dissolved in a solvent for dry or wet spinning.

The term, “crimper coolants”, as used herein, refers to liquids applied to the fiber band at the crimper for the purpose of mitigating the heat caused by friction and/or improving processability.

The term, “chemical analysis”, as used herein, refers to the equipment and techniques used to identify and/or characterize chemical substances.

The term, “spinneret hole geometry”, as used herein, refers to the overall structure of the spinneret hole which can be described most completely and generally, although not exclusively, by the cross-section shape and size of the hole at any point in its line through the spinneret. The term, “distinguishable spinneret hole”, as used herein, refers to the spinneret hole with a distinguishable spinneret hole geometry. Each of the distinguishable identification fibers are produced using the same distinguishable spinneret hole geometry. The term “reference spinneret holes”, as used herein, refers to the spinneret holes used to produce the reference fibers.

The term, “multicomponent fiber spinpack”, as used herein refers to a mechanical system comprising two or more polymer inlets, polymer distribution plates, and polymer outlets wherein the polymer outlets are configured to produce multicomponent fibers. The term “fiber sample”, as used herein, refers to the item comprising fibers, in any physical form, being analyzed using imaging technology. The fiber sample can comprise a portion of a set of fibers, yarn, a fiber band, or an article which has been prepared for image analysis.

The terms, “imaging technology”, and “image analysis techniques” as used herein, refer to the equipment and software used to detect and quantify differences in reflection, absorption, transmission, and emittance of electromagnetic radiation. Imaging technology encompasses both electromagnetic radiation level detection and automated shape and/or size recognition.

The term, “fibers are incorporated into a matrix”, as used herein refers to the immobilizing at least some of the fibers, yarns, a fiber band, or an article, typically in a polymer that will not interfere with testing.

Fibers, yarns, or a fiber band comprises individual fibers. The material from which the fibers are made is not particularly limiting. The fibers can comprise, for example, acrylic, modacrylic, aramid, nylon, polyester, polypropylene, rayon, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene, PTFE, or cellulose acetate. In one aspect, the fibers comprise cellulose acetates, cellulose triacetates, cellulose propionates, cellulose butyrates, cellulose acetate-propionates, cellulose acetate-butyrates, cellulose propionate-butyrates, cellulose acetate-phthalates, starch acetates, acrylonitriles, vinyl chlorides, vinyl esters, vinyl ethers, and the like, any derivative thereof, any copolymer thereof, and any combination thereof. In one aspect, the fibers comprise cellulose acetate. In one aspect, the fibers comprise natural fibers such as, for example, cotton, hemp, and silk.

The fibers, yarn, or fiber band comprises one or more identification fibers and standard fibers. Fibers are typically produced from a polymer. In one aspect, one or more of the identification fibers comprise the same polymer as the standard fibers in the fibers, yarn, or fiber band. In another aspect, one or more of the identification fibers comprise a different material than the standard fibers in the fibers, yarn, or fiber band.

The size of the individual fibers is not particularly limiting. The size can be given in terms of effective diameter, and in one aspect, the effective diameter of the fibers range from, for example, 0.1 μm to 1000 μm, 1 μm to 500 μm, 1 μm to 100 μm, 1 μm to 30 μm, 10 μm to 1000 μm, 10 μm to 500 μm, 10 μm to 100 μm, 10 μm to 30 μm. In one aspect, the fibers comprise cellulose acetate for which size is often given in terms of denier per filament (dpf) which is defined as the weight, in grams, of a single filament 9000 meters in length. In one aspect, the size of the fibers ranges from 0.5 to 1000 dpf; 0.5 to 500 dpf; 0.5 to 100; 0.5 to 5 dpf; 0.5 to 30 dpf; 0.5 to 10 dpf; 1 to 1000 dpf; 1 to 500 dpf; 1 to 100; 1 to 5 dpf; 1 to 30 dpf; 1 to 10 dpf. In one aspect, the dpf of the fibers ranges from, for example, 1 to 30 dpf, 1 to 20 dpf, 1 to 10 dpf, 2 to 30 dpf, 2 to 20 dpf, or 2 to 10 dpf.

The number of fibers making up a fibers, yarn, or fiber band is not particularly limiting. In one aspect, the number of fibers in a yarn or fiber band may range from 10 to 50,000. In other non-limiting examples, the number of fibers in a yarn or fiber band ranges from 10 to 40,000; 10 to 30,000; 10 to 20,000; 10 to 10,000; 10 to 1000; 100 to 50,000; 100 to 40,000; 100 to 30,000; 100 to 20,000; 100 to 10,000; 100 to 1000; 200 to 50,000; 200 to 40,000; 200 to 30,000; 200 to 20,000; 200 to 10,000; 200 to 1000; 1000 to 50,000; 1000 to 40,000; 1000 to 30,000; 1000 to 20,000; 1000 to 10,000; 5000 to 50,000; 5000 to 40,000; 5000 to 30,000; 5000 to 20,000; 5000 to 10,000; 10,000 to 50,000; 10,000 to 40,000; 10,000 to 30,000; or 10,000 to 20,000.

In the disclosed embodiments, each identification fiber can comprise at least one chemical marker, exhibit at least one distinct feature, or comprise at least one chemical marker and exhibit at least one distinct feature.

The fibers, yarn, or fiber band comprises fibers, wherein the fibers comprise one or more identification fibers wherein the identification fibers comprise 1 to 100 chemical markers. In other aspects, the number of chemical markers ranges from 1 to 50, 1 to 20, 1 to 15, or 1 to 10, or 1 to 5, or 1 to 3.

In one aspect, essentially all of the fibers in the yarn or fiber band are identification fibers comprising at least one chemical marker. In this aspect, the identification fibers can be distinguishable from fibers in a different yarn or fiber band. In another aspect, one or more identification fibers comprising at least one chemical marker are distinguishable from the majority of fibers in the same yarn or fiber band. In yet another aspect, the number of identification fibers comprising at least one chemical marker ranges from 0.001 to 100 percent of the fibers; or 0.01 to 50 percent of the fibers; or 0.01 to 25 percent of the fibers; or 0.01 to 10 percent of the fibers; or 0.01 to 5 percent of the fibers; or 0.01 to 1 percent of the fibers, each based on the total number of fibers. In another aspect, the number of identification fibers ranges from 0.01 to 100 percent of the fibers; or 1 to 100 percent of the fibers; or 25 to 100 percent of the fibers; or 50 to 100 percent of the fibers; or 30 to 80 percent of the fibers.

In one aspect, unique chemical markers are used to tag fiber products. The chemical markers can be manipulated to provide unique code. Different types of chemical markers can be applied in different amounts to increase the number of unique codes available.

A portion of the identification fibers comprise chemical markers. In one aspect, the chemical markers can include non-volatile organic compounds, photoluminescent materials, polymeric additives, carbohydrates, metal oxides, inorganic salts, optical isomers, isotopically labeled molecules, and/or trace chemicals inherent to the manufacturer of the fiber band, the fibers and/or the polymer which is produced into the fibers. In one aspect, the chemical markers can include one or more taggant non-volatile organic compounds, one or more taggant photoluminescent materials, one or more taggant polymeric additives, one or more taggant carbohydrates, one or more taggant metal oxides, one or more taggant inorganic salts, one or more taggant optical isomers, one or more taggant isotopically labeled molecules, and one or more taggant trace chemicals inherent to the manufacturer of the fiber band, the fibers, and/or the polymer.

In one aspect, non-volatile organic compounds can be used as a taggant. In one aspect, one or more of the chemical markers comprise one or more taggant nonvolatile organic compounds. In one aspect the number of taggant non-volatile compounds ranges from 1 to 50, 1 to 25, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1 to 3. In one aspect, the taggant nonvolatile organic compounds can comprise fatty acids. In one aspect, the taggant nonvolatile organic compounds can comprise lauric acid, palmitic acid, or stearic acid.

In one aspect, photoluminescent materials can be used as a taggant. In one aspect, one or more of the chemical markers comprise one or more taggant photoluminescent materials. In one aspect the number of taggant photoluminescent materials ranges from 1 to 50, 1 to 25, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1 to 3. Non-limiting examples of photoluminescent materials include organic dyes, organometallic phosphorescent compounds, inorganic fluorescent/phosphorescent molecules, organic fluorescent molecules, inorganic quantum dots, organic quantum dots. In one aspect, the taggant photoluminescent materials comprise phosphorescent quantum dots. In one aspect, the phosphorescent quantum dots comprise Cd/Se ligand stabilized fluorescent nano-crystals.

In one aspect, polymeric additives can be used as a taggant. In one aspect, one or more chemical markers comprise one or more taggant polymeric additives. In one aspect, the number of taggant polymeric additives ranges from 1 to 50, 1 to 5, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1 to 3. The taggant polymeric additives can be identified based on polymeric content and/or molecular weight. In one aspect, one or more taggant polymeric additives comprises the polymer from which the fibers are produced. In this aspect, the taggant polymeric additive is distinguishable based upon the differences in molecular weight. In one aspect, one or more taggant polymeric additives are soluble in the spinning solution. In one aspect, taggant polymeric additives comprise polystyrene with an average molecular weight ranging from 500 to 20,000,000. In other aspects, taggant polymeric additives comprise polystyrene with an average molecular weight ranging from 500 to 500,000, or 1,000 to 100,000.

In one aspect, carbohydrates can be used as a taggant. In one aspect, one or more of the chemical markers comprise one or more taggant carbohydrates. In one aspect, the number of taggant carbohydrates ranges from 50 to 1, 25 to 1, 10 to 1, 5 to 1, or 3 to 1. One or more taggant carbohydrates can comprise, for example, glucose, fructose, sucrose, and/or lactose.

In one aspect, metal oxides can be used as a taggant. In one aspect, one or more of the chemical markers comprise one or more taggant metal oxides. In one aspect, the number of taggant metal oxides ranges from 1 to 50, 1 to 25, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1 to 3. One or more taggant metal oxides can comprise, for example, titanium dioxide, zirconium oxides, zinc oxides, aluminum oxides, manganese oxides, magnesium oxides, calcium oxides, tin oxides, vanadium oxides, nickel oxides and/or iron oxides. In another example, one or more taggant metal oxides can comprise titanium dioxide and/or zinc oxides.

In one aspect, inorganic salts can be used as a taggant. In one aspect, one or more chemical markers can comprise one or more taggant inorganic salts. In one aspect, the number of taggant inorganic salts ranges from 1 to 50, 1 to 25, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1 to 3. Non-limiting examples of taggant inorganic salts include lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and/or calcium. In one aspect, the taggant inorganic salts comprise salts of cesium, indium, or samarium.

In one aspect, optical isomers can be used as a taggant. In one aspect, one or more chemical markers can comprise one or more taggant optical isomers. In one aspect, the number of taggant optical isomers ranges from 1 to 50, 1 to 25, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1 to 3.

In one aspect, isotopically labeled molecules can be used as the taggant. In one aspect, one or more chemical markers can comprise one or more taggant isotopically labeled molecules. In one aspect, the number of taggant isotopically labeled molecules ranges from 1 to 50, 1 to 25, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1 to 3. One skilled in the art recognizes that, for example, ¹⁴C or ¹⁸O can be inserted into molecules that can be added to the polymer, the fibers, or the fiber band.

In one aspect, trace chemicals inherent to the manufacture of the fiber band, fibers, and/or polymer can be used as a taggant. In one aspect, one or more of the chemical markers comprise one or more taggant trace chemicals. In one aspect, the number of taggant trace chemicals ranges from 1 to 50, 1 to 25, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1 to 3. In one aspect, one or more taggant trace chemicals are incorporated into the fibers, yarn, or fiber band through the polymer, a spinning solvent, utilities (e.g., water, plant nitrogen), and/or processing aids.

In one aspect, the amount of one or more chemical markers ranges from 1 ppb to 10,000 ppm of the fibers. In other examples, the amount of one or more chemical markers ranges from 1 ppb to 5000 ppm; 1 ppb to 1000 ppm; 1 ppb to 500 ppm; 1 ppb to 100 ppm; 1 ppb to 10 ppm; 1 ppb to 1 ppm; 1 ppb to 500 ppb; 1 ppb to 100 ppb; 10 ppb to 10,000 ppm; 10 ppb to 5000 ppm; 10 ppb to 1000 ppm; 10 ppb to 500 ppm; 10 ppb to 100 ppm; 10 ppb to 10 ppm; 10 ppb to 1 ppm; 10 ppb to 500 ppb; 10 ppb to 100 ppb; 100 ppb to 10,000 ppm; 100 ppb to 5000 ppm; 100 ppb to 1000 ppm; 100 ppb to 500 ppm; 100 ppb to 100 ppm; 100 ppb to 10 ppm; 100 ppb to 1 ppm; 100 ppb to 500 ppb; 500 ppb to 10,000 ppm; 500 ppb to 5000 ppm; 500 ppb to 1000 ppm; 500 ppb to 500 ppm; 500 ppb to 100 ppm; 500 ppb to 10 ppm; 500 ppb to 1 ppm; 1 ppm to 10,000 ppm; 1 ppm to 5000 ppm; 1 ppm to 1000 ppm; 1 ppm to 500 ppm; 1 ppm to 100 ppm; 1 ppm to 10 ppm; 10 ppm to 10,000 ppm; 10 ppm to 5000 ppm; 10 ppm to 1000 ppm; 10 ppm to 500 ppm; 10 ppm to 100 ppm; 100 ppm to 10,000 ppm; 100 ppm to 5000 ppm; 100 ppm to 1000 ppm; and/or 100 ppm to 500 ppm of the fibers.

In one aspect, one or more of chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amounts. In other words, for a particular chemical marker, a specific amount of chemical marker (a taggant chemical marker amount) is included in the fibers. One skilled in the art recognizes that the measured chemical marker amount and the taggant chemical marker amount may not be exactly the same due to measurement and other sources of variability. Therefore, “chemical marker amount corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amount” means that the chemical marker amount is sufficiently close to indicate the presence of the taggant chemical marker amount. The taggant chemical marker amounts for each of the chemical markers can be selected from all of the chemical marker amounts listed above. Also, the number of taggant chemical marker amounts can be the same or different for each chemical marker amount. The number of taggant chemical marker amounts is selected, in part, based upon the ability to manufacture and reliably detect discrete amounts of each of the chemical markers. In one aspect, the number of taggant chemical markers ranges from 1 to 25, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, 2 to 20, 2 to 15, 2 to 10, 3 to 20, 3 to 15, 3 to 10, 4 to 20, 4 to 15, or 4 to 10

In the disclosed embodiments, each identification fiber can comprise at least one chemical marker, exhibit at least one distinct feature, or comprise at least one chemical marker and exhibit at least one distinct feature. Identification fibers exhibiting at least one distinct feature are distinguishable identification fibers.

In one aspect, the distinct features can include cross-section shapes, cross-section sizes, optical properties, segment counts, segment geometrical relationships, and/or segment pointers. The distinct features can be used alone or in any combination. In one aspect, the distinct features can include taggant cross-section shapes, taggant cross-section sizes, taggant optical properties, and/or taggant segment counts, taggant segment geometrical relationships, and/or taggant segment pointers.

In one aspect, the distinct features can include cross-section shapes. In another aspect, the distinct features can include cross-section sizes. In another aspect, the distinct features can include cross-section shapes and cross-section sizes. In one aspect, distinct features are representative of at least one supply chain component of fibers, yarn, fiber band, and/or an article. In one aspect, the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers and the fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of fibers, yarn, fiber band, and/or an article.

In one aspect, the identification fibers exhibit 1 to 50 distinct features. In other aspects, the number of distinct features ranges from 1 to 20, 1 to 15, or 1 to 10, or 1 to 5, 1 to 3, 2 to 50, 2 to 20, 2 to 15, 2 to 10, 2 to 5, 3 to 50, 3 to 20, 3 to 15, 3 to 10, 3 to 5, 4 to 50, 4 to 20, 4 to 15, or 4 to 10.

In one aspect, fiber cross-section shapes can be used as the taggant. In one aspect, distinct features comprise one or more cross-section shapes. Cross-section shapes vary such that either the human eye or an image analysis technique can differentiate shapes. For example, two shapes are significantly different when compared to the variability among the fibers of either cross-section shape. In one aspect, a fiber band comprises one or more identification fibers with one or more taggant cross-section shapes. In one aspect, the number of taggant cross-section shapes ranges from 1 to 50. In other aspects, the number of taggant cross-section shapes ranges from 1 to 20, 1 to 15, or 1 to 10, or 1 to 5, 1 to 3, 2 to 50, 2 to 20, 2 to 15, 2 to 10, 2 to 5, 3 to 50, 3 to 20, 3 to 15, 3 to 10, 3 to 5, 4 to 50, 4 to 20, 4 to 15, or 4 to 10.

In one aspect, the number of identification fibers with distinct features which comprise one or more taggant cross-section shapes ranges from 0.01 to 100 percent of the fibers; or 0.01 to 50 percent of the fibers; for 0.01 to 25 percent of the fibers; for 0.01 to 10 percent of the fibers; or 0.01 to 5 percent of the fibers; or 0.01 to 1 percent of the fibers.

Many cross-section shapes have been commercialized for various fiber types, materials, and processes. These shapes are most typically governed and created by altering the shape of the hole in the extrusion jet or spinneret used in the fiber production process. In a dry spinning process, like that of cellulose acetate in an acetone “dope” solution, a number of unique fiber cross-section shapes can be obtained through the use of various spinneret hole geometries. The variety and distinctiveness of the cross-section shapes are enhanced due to the shrinkage of the cross section as the acetone evaporates. Many of these shapes are sufficiently unique and differentiated such that they can be easily identified and/or counted in fiber bands, and/or acetate tow bands, either by the human eye with the aid of magnification, or with automated image analysis techniques.

For some fiber applications, the fiber cross-section shape is not critical to the functionality of an article made from the fibers, yarn, or fiber band. For these applications, the number of taggant cross-section shapes and the number of identification fibers having different taggant cross-section shapes are not particularly limited. For other fiber applications, however, the fiber cross-section shape is used to impart functionality to an article made from the fibers, yarn, or fiber band. For these applications, the number of taggant cross-section shapes and/or the number of identification fibers having different taggant cross-section shapes may be smaller. One skilled in the art can select the number of taggant cross-section shapes and the number of identification fibers having distinct features of taggant cross-section shapes so as to enable determination of the supply chain information without significantly impacting article properties.

In the application of filter rods and/or cigarette filters comprising acetate tow, the total number of identification fibers may be limited by the impact of the taggant cross-section shape on final product performance, particularly yield, defined as the pressure drop that can be obtained for a certain weight of product in the filter. By far, the most common shape used for acetate tow in cigarette filtration is the Y cross section (made from an equilateral triangular spinneret hole geometry) and the most common shape used for acetate yarn is multi-lobed (made from a circular or octagonal spinneret hole geometry). As the number of non-Y shape fibers increases, the impact (positive or negative) on yield may materially impact article functionality. One method, among others, for compensating for this yield shift is adjusting the average denier per filament (dpf) of the fibers.

Non-limiting examples of cross-section shapes include crescent, dogbone, triangle, square, pacman, multilobe, X-shaped, Y-shaped, H-shaped. Non-limiting examples of spinneret hole geometries used to make various cross-section shapes include triangle, circle, rectangle, square, flattened round, trapezoid, hexagon, pentagon, and D-shaped. In another aspect, spinneret hole geometry is selected from the group consisting of circle, rectangle, square, flattened round, trapezoid hexagon, pentagon, and D-shaped.

The disclosed embodiments may, for example, enable the use of fiber cross-section sizes as a taggant. In one aspect, distinct features comprise one or more cross-section sizes. Cross-section sizes vary such that either the human eye or an image analysis technique can differentiate sizes. The fibers, yarn, or fiber band can have one or more identification fibers with one or more taggant cross-section sizes. The number of taggant cross-section sizes ranges from, for example, 1 to 50, 1 to 25; 1 to 20; 1 to 10; 1 to 5; 1 to 3; 2 to 20; 2 to 10; 2 to 5; or 3 to 10.

In one aspect, the number of identification fibers with distinct features which comprise taggant cross-section sizes ranges from 0.01 to 100 percent of the fibers; or 0.01 to 50 percent of the fibers; for 0.01 to 25 percent of the fibers; for 0.01 to 10 percent of the fibers; or 0.01 to 5 percent of the fibers; or 0.01 to 1 percent of the fibers, based on the total number of fibers.

In one aspect, one or more identification fibers have one or more taggant cross-section sizes that are larger than the average cross-section size of the standard fibers. In one aspect, the ratio of the larger taggant cross-section sizes to the average cross-section size ranges from 20:1 to 1.5:1, or 10:1 to 1.5:1, or 5:1 to 1.5:1, or 3:1 to 1.5:1, 20:1 to 1.3:1, or 10:1 to 1.3:1, or 5:1 to 1.3:1, or 3:1 to 1.3:1, or 20:1 to 1.1:1, or 10:1 to 1.1:1, or 5:1 to 1.1:1, or 3:1 to 1.1:1. In one aspect, one or more identification fibers have cross-section sizes that are smaller than the average cross-section size of the standard fibers. In one aspect, the ratio of the smaller cross-section sizes to the average cross-section size ranges from 1:20 to 1:1.5, or 1:10 to 1:1.5, or 1:5 to 1:1.5, or 1:2 to 1:1.5, or 1:20 to 1:1.3, or 1:10 to 1:1.3, or 1:5 to 1:1.3, or 1:2 to 1:1.3, or 1:20 to 1:1.1, or 1:10 to 1:1.1, or 1:5 to 1:1.1, or 1:2 to 1:1.1. The cross-section sizes can be determined by either the effective diameter or the circumcised diameter.

In yet another aspect, one or more taggant cross-section sizes varies along the length of one or more identification fibers such that the cross-section size varies from 0.25 times to 4.0 times; 0.25 times to 2.0 times; 0.5 times to 4.0 times; or 0.5 times to 2.0 times the average identification fiber cross-section size.

The number or percentage of identification fibers with taggant cross-section sizes that can be incorporated into a multiple-filament product, like acetate tow for cigarette filters, is potentially limited by a few factors. First, the number may be limited by the impact of the diameter differences on final product performance, particularly yield. This yield shift could be compensated by adjusting the average denier per filament (dpf) of the standard fibers. Second, the number may be dictated by the capability of the analytical technique to accurately count individual fibers of unique cross-section diameter. If the correlation among the distinct features and the manufacturer-specific taggants includes the number of identification fibers with one or more cross-section sizes, discrete gaps in filament number or percentage may be desired in order to facilitate number differentiation.

Optical properties encompass the effects of a substance or structure on electromagnetic radiation. The effects include absorption, scattering, refraction, fluorescence, and polarization. Electromagnetic radiation includes visible, ultraviolet, and infrared light as well as x-rays, microwaves, and radio waves. The effects impact some wavelengths more than others which impart distinctive, identifying characteristics. The effects can be detected by various forms of spectroscopy or by direct observation.

An example is a dye which absorbs portions of the visible light spectrum more than other parts and, thereby, imparts a distinctive color which can be observed directly or measured with a spectrometer.

The disclosed embodiments may use optical properties as a taggant. In one aspect, distinct features comprise one or more optical properties. Optical properties vary such that either the human eye or an image analysis technique can differentiate the optical properties. A fiber band or yarn can have one or more identification fibers with one or more taggant optical properties. In one aspect, taggant optical properties are imparted by taggant compounds which emit or absorb light at distinguishable λ_(max) (wavelength of maximum emission or absorption) where the number of taggant compounds which product distinguishable Amax range from 1 to 10, or 1 to 5, or 1 to 3. In another aspect, taggant optical properties are distinguishable taggant colors where the number of taggant colors range from 1 to 10, or 1 to 5, or 1 to 3.

Some non-limiting examples of compounds which can be used for one or more taggant optical properties of the identification fibers include organic dyes, organometallic phosphorescent compounds, inorganic fluorescent/phosphorescent molecules, inorganic quantum dots, and/or organic quantum dots. Additional non-limiting example compounds include CHROMOPHTAL® Red 2030 (CAS No. 84632-65-5), Copper Phthalocyanine (CAS No. 147-14-8) FD&C Yellow Lake No. 5 (CAS No. 12225-21-7), and titanium dioxide in anatase, rutile, and/or mixed phase. In one aspect taggant optical properties are used to distinguish segments in multicomponent fibers.

In one aspect, one or more of the identification fibers can be multicomponent fibers. Multicomponent fibers contain two or more distinct polymer compositions (components) within one cross section. They can be tailored to suit aesthetic and functional requirements for numerous applications and can produce fibers with unique optical or physical properties. Multicomponent fibers typically comprise 2 or 3 components and 2 or more segments. The polymer compositions can be distinguished as comprising different polymers, as comprising different additives, and/or comprising polymer compositions having different physical characteristics (e.g., different degrees of crystallinity).

For multicomponent identification fibers, additional distinct features include segment counts, segment shapes, segment sizes, segment geometrical relationships, and segment pointers. For example, if the multicomponent fibers have any number from 2 to 20 islands per multicomponent fiber, then the number of taggant segment counts is 19, with 2-20 islands for each taggant segment count. Alternatively, if the multicomponent fibers have either 5, 10, or 20 islands per multicomponent fiber, then the number of taggant segment counts would be 3 with 5, 10, or 20 islands per taggant segment count. If the multicomponent fibers have either 50 or 100 segments per multicomponent fiber, then number of taggant segment counts would be 2, with 50 or 100 taggant segment counts. The number of taggant segment counts directly correlates to the number of multicomponent distinguishable identification fibers.

The number of segment counts is selected, in part, based upon the ability to manufacture and reliably detect discrete segments of each of the multicomponent distinguishable identification fibers. In one aspect, the ranges of the numbers of segments counts can be 2 to 25, 2 to 15, 2 to 10, 2 to 20, 2 to 15, 2 to 10, 2 to 5, 3 to 20, 3 to 15, 3 to 10, 3 to 5, 4 to 20, 4 to 15, or 4 to 10. In one aspect, segment counts can be correlated to supply chain information.

In one aspect, identification fibers comprise multicomponent fibers and taggant segment geometries can be used to distinguish among multicomponent identification fibers. For example, a first multicomponent fiber with 2 segments in a core/sheath formation is clearly distinguishable from a second multicomponent fiber with 2 segments that are side-by-side. In one aspect, taggant segment geometries are used as a means for increasing the number of multicomponent distinguishable identification fibers.

In one aspect, identification fibers comprise multicomponent fibers and taggant segment pointers can be used to distinguish among multicomponent identification fibers. For example, if multicomponent fibers have 5 islands in the sea wherein the 5 islands make a concentric circle and the colors of the islands are, in order, red, yellow, orange, blue, and green; then a first multicomponent fiber with a notch between the red and yellow island is distinguishable from a second multicomponent fiber with a notch between the orange and the blue islands. In one aspect, taggant segment pointers can be used as a means for increasing the number of multicomponent distinguishable identification fibers.

In one aspect, each of the distinguishable identification fibers exhibit at least one distinct feature. In one aspect, the distinguishable identification fibers consist of 1 to 50 groups of the distinguishable identification fibers with each group of distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or the same combination of distinct features. In another aspect the number of groups of distinguishable identification fibers ranges from 1 to 25, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 2 to 25, 2 to 20, 2 to 15, 3 to 24, or 3 to 15.

Groups of distinguishable identification fibers can contain one or more identification fibers having the same distinct feature or the same combination of distinct features. The number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count. The fiber count is the actual number of fibers in each group of distinguishable identification fibers. The fiber count corresponds to a taggant fiber count. One skilled in the art recognizes that if there were no variability in manufacturing and no variability in detection, the fiber count would always equal its corresponding taggant fiber count. A robust system for building code into fibers must account for the fact that there is variability. One skilled in the art recognizes that if more than one taggant fiber count is to be used, the two or more taggant fiber counts must be different enough to allow for normal variation in the manufacture and detection of identification fibers and provide a high probability of a correct matching of fiber counts to taggant fiber counts. For example, if the normal variation in fiber counts is +−20%, taggant fiber counts of 20, 40, and 70 may provide correct matching with very high probability.

In one aspect, the fibers, yarn, or fiber band can have taggant fiber counts which correspond to the numbers of fibers (e.g., fiber counts) for each group of distinguishable identification fiber that can be present in the fibers, yarn, or fiber band. The taggant fiber counts of each group of distinguishable identification fiber can be the same or different. In one aspect, taggant fiber counts can be correlated to supply chain information. Also, the number of taggant fiber counts of each group of the distinguishable identification fibers can be the same or different. The taggant fiber counts and the number of taggant fiber counts are selected, in part, based upon the ability to manufacture and reliably detect discrete numbers of each group of the distinguishable identification fibers. The taggant fiber counts can also be limited by the maximum number of identification fibers desired. In one aspect, the number of taggant fiber counts ranges from 1 to 25, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, 2 to 20, 2 to 15, 2 to 10, 3 to 20, 3 to 15, 3 to 10, 4 to 20, 4 to 15, or 4 to 10.

In one aspect, the distinguishable identification fibers can each exhibit one distinct feature, wherein each type of distinct feature is unique. For example, a first identification fiber can have a taggant cross-section shape, a second identification fiber can have a taggant cross-section size, and a third identification fiber can have a taggant optical property.

In another aspect, distinguishable identification fibers can each exhibit one distinct feature wherein each type of distinct feature is identical. For example a first identification fiber can have a first taggant cross-section shape, a second identification fiber can have a second taggant cross-section shape, a third identification fiber can have third taggant cross-section shape, etc.

In another aspect, distinguishable identification fibers can each exhibit one distinct feature wherein the types of distinct features can be identical or different. For example, a first identification fiber can have a first taggant optical property, a second identification fiber can have a first taggant cross-section size, a third identification fiber can have a second taggant optical property, and a fourth identification fiber can have a first taggant cross-section shape.

In one aspect, each group of distinguishable identification fibers can exhibit one distinct feature or the same combination of distinct features. For example, with 3 distinct features comprising a taggant cross-section shape, a taggant cross-section size, and a taggant optical property, the 7 possible groups of distinguishable identification fibers have the following distinct features: (1) identification fibers having taggant cross-section shape, (2) identification fibers having taggant cross-section size, (3) identification fibers having taggant optical property, (4) identification fibers having taggant cross-section shape at taggant cross-section size, (5) identification fiber having taggant cross-section shape with taggant optical property, (6) identification fibers having taggant cross-section size with taggant optical property, and (7) identification fibers having taggant cross-section shape at taggant cross-section size with taggant optical property.

The number of taggant fiber counts can be varied to produce different codes. For example, if any number from 1-25 specific distinguishable identification fibers can be present in fibers, yarn, or a fiber band (e.g. the fiber count for that group), the number of taggant fiber counts for that group of distinguishable identification fiber is 25 with 1-25 distinguishable identification fibers in each taggant fiber count. Alternatively, if either 10, 25, or 50 of a group of distinguishable identification fiber can be present in fibers, yarn, or a fiber band, the number of taggant fiber counts for that group of distinguishable identification fibers is 3 with 10, 25, or 50 of that specific distinguishable identification fibers as the possible taggant fiber count. The taggant fiber counts and numbers of taggant fiber counts for each group of distinct identification fibers give an additional element that can be correlated to supply chain information.

In another aspect, the distinguishable identification fibers comprise reference fibers. Reference fibers typically have a reference cross-section shape which is different from all of the other identification fibers and the standard fibers. Reference fibers also have a reference cross-section size. In one aspect, the number of reference fibers is larger than the fiber count of any other group of distinguishable identification fibers. In one aspect, the number of reference fibers is larger than the sum of the fiber counts of all of the other groups of distinguishable identification fibers. The cross-section sizes of distinguishable identification fibers can be characterized relative to the reference cross-section size. In one aspect, a group of distinguishable identification fibers can exhibit a relative cross-section size which can be smaller than, the same as, or larger than the reference cross-section size. In another aspect, a group of distinguishable identification fibers can exhibit a relative cross-section size which can be smaller than or larger than the reference cross-section size.

In one aspect, one or more identification fibers have one or more taggant cross-section sizes that are larger than the reference cross-section size. In one aspect, the ratio of the larger taggant cross-section sizes to the reference cross-section size ranges from 20:1 to 1.5:1, or 10:1 to 1.5:1, or 5:1 to 1.5:1, or 3:1 to 1.5:1, 20:1 to 1.3:1, or 10:1 to 1.3:1, or 5:1 to 1.3:1, or 3:1 to 1.3:1, or 20:1 to 1.1:1, or 10:1 to 1.1:1, or 5:1 to 1.1:1, or 3:1 to 1.1:1. In one aspect, one or more identification fibers have cross-section sizes that are smaller than the reference cross-section size. In one aspect, the ratio of the smaller cross-section sizes to the reference cross-section size ranges from 1:20 to 1:1.5, or 1:10 to 1:1.5, or 1:5 to 1:1.5, or 1:2 to 1:1.5, or 1:20 to 1:1.3, or 1:10 to 1:1.3, or 1:5 to 1:1.3, or 1:2 to 1:1.3, or 1:20 to 1:1.1, or 1:10 to 1:1.1, or 1:5 to 1:1.1, or 1:2 to 1:1.1.

An article can comprise the fibers, yarn, and/or a fiber band. The article is not particularly limited. Non-limiting examples of articles comprising the fibers or the fiber band include fabrics and other textile products, non-wovens, absorbent products, filters, filter rods, cigarette filters, liquid storage reservoirs, paper and/or currency. In one aspect, the article comprises a filter rod. In another aspect, the article comprises a cigarette filter. Additional non-limited examples of articles include medical items such as medical tape, bandages, or cloth, wicking devices used for vapor delivery, and pharmaceutical products including packaging.

In one aspect, the fibers, yarn, or fiber band has determinable supply chain information. The supply chain information can include manufacturer, manufacture site, manufacturing line, production run, production date, bale, warehouse, customer, and/or ship-to location. The type taggant chemical marker taggant chemical marker amounts distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers and/or the taggant fiber counts can be correlated to manufacturer-specific taggants to determine supply chain information of the fibers, yarn, fiber band, and/or article.

In one aspect, at least one supply chain component comprises a manufacturer of the standard fibers, a manufacture site of the standard fibers, a manufacturing line of the standard fibers, a production run of the standard fibers, a production date of the standard fibers, a package of the standard fibers, a warehouse of the standard fibers, a customer of the standard fibers, a ship-to location of the standard fibers, a manufacturer of a yarn or fiber band comprising the standard fibers, a manufacturing site of the yarn or fiber band, a manufacturing line of the yarn or fiber band, a production run of the yarn or fiber band, a production date of the yarn or fiber band, a package of the yarn or fiber band, a warehouse of the yarn or fiber band, a customer of the yarn or fiber band, a ship-to location of the yarn or fiber band, a manufacturer of an article comprising the standard fibers, a manufacture site of the article, a manufacturing line of the article, a production run of the article, a production date of the article, a package of the article, a warehouse of the article, a customer of the article, or a ship-to location of the article.

In another aspect at least one supply chain component comprises the manufacturer of the yarn or fiber band. In one aspect, the supply chain component comprises the manufacture site of the yarn or fiber band. In one aspect the supply chain component comprises the manufacturing line of the yarn or fiber band. The manufacturing line of the yarn or fiber band is the manufacturing line on which the yarn or fiber band was produced. In one aspect, the supply chain component comprises the production run of the yarn or fiber band. The production run of the yarn or fiber band is the production run within which the yarn or fiber band was produced. In one aspect, the supply chain component comprises the production date of the yarn or fiber band. The production date of the yarn or fiber band is the production date on which the yarn or fiber band was produced. In one aspect, the supply chain component comprises the package of the yarn or bale of the fiber band. In one aspect, the supply chain component comprises the warehouse of the yarn or fiber band. The warehouse of the yarn or fiber band is the warehouse to which the manufacturer plans to send or has sent the fiber band. In one aspect, the supply chain component comprises the customer of the yarn or fiber band. The customer of the yarn or fiber band is the customer to whom the manufacturer plans to send or has sent the yarn or fiber band. In one aspect, the supply chain component comprises the ship-to location of the yarn or fiber band. The ship-to location of the yarn or fiber band is the specific geographic location to which the manufacturer plans to send or has sent the yarn or fiber band.

The selection of the chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, number of the taggant chemical marker amounts for each of the chemical makers, and coding system can be influenced by several factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, ease of manufacturing identification fibers, yarn, and/or fiber bands comprising identification fibers; ease of detecting identification fibers, either in the fibers, yarn, the fiber band, or in an article comprising the fibers, yarn or the fiber band; impact of the identification fibers on performance characteristics of an article comprising the fibers, yarn, or the fiber band; and ease of countering the track and trace objective.

The disclosed embodiments allow for flexible implementation of a coding system for correlating the chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, number of the taggant chemical marker amounts for each of the chemical makers. Described below are non-limiting examples of how coding systems can be readily implemented based upon the above described identification fibers.

In a non-limiting example of using chemical markers for a particular coding system, three chemical markers, lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid are the taggant non-volatile organic compounds. If, lauric acid can be present in the fibers in an amount of 1 wt %, 5 wt % or 10 wt %, palmitic acid can be present at 100 ppm, or 200 ppm, and stearic acid can be present at 0.5 wt %, 1 wt %, 2 wt % or 4 wt %, then there are 3 taggant lauric acid amounts, 2 taggant palmitic acid amounts, and 4 taggant stearic acid amounts. If the coding system requires each of lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid to be present, there are 48 different combinations of chemical markers and taggant chemical marker amounts. Each combination could be representative of a supply chain component.

Another non-limiting example of correlating chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, number of the taggant chemical marker amounts for each of the chemical makers in a coding system includes a fiber band having identification fiber(s) with a taggant fluorescent chromophore (as the taggant photoluminescent material) having a maximum emissions wavelength (λ_(max)) obtained from the emission spectrum of the dissolved fiber band. The λ_(max) of the taggant correlates to a number, 0-9, which is used to identify the manufacturer. The taggant fluorescent chromophore amount correlates to a number, 0-9, which is used to identify the manufacture site. Additionally, the fiber band includes identification fibers with a taggant non-volatile compound whose molecular constituents are determined and correlates to a number, 00-99, which is used to identify the customer. The taggant non-volatile compound amounts is determined and correlates to a number, 00-99, which is used to identify the ship-to location. The identity and quantity of the taggant non-volatile organic compound is determined using an analytical technique such as GC or HPLC. Such a code could be 1 3 48 39 which when compared to a database identifies the manufacturer and the manufacture site of the fiber band as well as the customer to which the fiber band is being sold, and the ship-to location. Other chemical markers may be incorporated to encode additional information.

In addition to chemical markers, the selection of the distinct features, combinations of distinct features, and coding system can be influenced by several factors. These factors include, but are not limited to, ease of manufacturing identification fibers, yarn and/or fiber bands, comprising identification fibers; ease of detecting identification fibers, either in the fibers, yarn, or fiber band or in an article comprising the fibers, yarn, or the fiber band; impact of the identification fibers on performance characteristics of an article comprising the fibers, yarn, fiber band; and ease of countering the track and trace objective.

The disclosed embodiments may also allow for flexible implementation of a coding system for correlating the identification fibers exhibiting distinct features and/or combinations of distinct features, one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers and corresponding taggant fiber counts, as well as the number of taggant fiber counts to supply chain information. Described below are non-limiting examples of how coding systems can be readily implemented based upon the above described identification fibers.

In a non-limiting example, standard fibers are medium-sized circles and four manufacturer-specific taggants are used. A first taggant cross-section size, a second taggant cross-section size, a first taggant cross-section shape, and a second taggant cross-section shape. The manufacturer specific taggant cross-section sizes are small and large and the manufacturer specific taggant cross-section shapes are squares and triangles. In this example, eight possible groups of distinguishable identification fibers can be produced: small-sized circles (an example of taggant cross-section size), large-sized circles, small-sized squares (an example of the combination of taggant cross-section size and taggant cross-section shape), medium-sized squares (an example of taggant cross-section shape), large-sized squares, small-sized triangles, medium-sized triangles, and large-sized triangles. For example, when using a code comprised of one circle-shaped, one square-shaped, and one triangle-shaped identification fiber, eighteen sets of distinguishable identifications fibers are possible. If, additionally, one of two manufacturing-specific taggant colors are present for each identification fiber, the number of distinguishable identification fibers grows to 16 and the number of combinations grows to 144 (8 optical combinations per size/shape combinations of identification fibers times 18 size/shape combinations of identification fibers).

The example as described above also illustrates the selection of coding systems for ease of detection of each group of distinguishable identification fibers. The example coding system requires that one and only one of each taggant cross-section shape be detected in the fiber band. Once each taggant cross-section shape has been found, detection and analysis can end with confidence that all distinguishable identification fibers present have been found.

In a another example, if one circle, one square, and one triangle of the original 8 distinguishable identification fibers above are present in one of 3 taggant fiber counts (e.g., taggant fiber counts of 10, 20, or 30), the number of possible sets grows to 486.

FIG. 2 illustrates another non-limiting example of correlating distinct features to supply chain information. In this example, the groups of distinguishable multicomponent identification fibers correlates to supply chain information. The larger the set of possible combinations of distinct features (i.e., applying combinatorics), the more detailed the supply chain information correlation can be. In FIG. 2, multicomponent fibers are shown with 3 taggant segment counts (e.g., 1, 2, and 3 islands), and two taggant colors for each of the segments (islands and sea). In this example, each of the island(s) has the same taggant color within a filament and the island(s) taggant color is different from the sea taggant color. In other words, if the optical taggants are denoted by A and B, there are 2 distinguishable identification fibers for each taggant segment count, one with A color island(s) and B color sea or one with B color island(s) and A color sea (i.e., A/B or B/A). The total number of distinguishable identification fibers for 3 taggant segment counts and 2 taggant colors is 6. The 6 distinguishable identification fibers are shown in the columns labeled as 0 and 7 in FIG. 2. If only one optical taggant formation (i.e., A/B or B/A) is present for each of the 3 segment counts, as illustrated in FIG. 2, the number of possible combinations is 8, which can translate, for example, into numeric code 0-7. If one more taggant color is added, for example, such that taggant colors are A, B, and C, and only 2 taggant colors are present as described above for each identification fiber (i.e., each island in a given filament is the same taggant color and the sea has one different taggant color), the total number of distinguishable identification fibers for each taggant segment count is 6 (i.e., A/B, A/C, B/A, B/C, C/A, or C/B) for a total of 18 possible distinguishable identification fibers when three segment counts are used. Again, if only one optical taggant formation is present for each of the segment counts, then for three segment counts, the number of possible combinations for the distinguishable identification fibers is 216 which can translate into, for example, a numeric code 0-215. If, for example, the manufacturer of a fiber band has 200 customers, the customer information can be readily incorporated into the fiber band using this correlation method.

The Table below shows the increase in the number of possible identification fibers and codes as the number of segment counts increases, for both the 2 taggant color and 3 taggant color examples. As shown in the Table below, a large number of possible combinations of distinguishable identification fibers can be generated with relatively few taggants. The combinations can translate into codes. Going beyond what is shown in the Table below, under the same assumptions discussed above, except for using four taggant colors, the number of combinations possible for 1, 3, 5, and 10 segment counts is 12, 1,728, 248,832, and 61,917,364,224, respectively.

TABLE Example of number of possible combinations of distinguishable identification fibers when each number of islands is present in only one optical taggant formation 3 optical taggants - only two used in each identification 2 optical taggants fiber Number of # possible # # possible # Islands ID Fibers Combinations ID Fibers Combinations 1 2 2 6 6 1-3 6 8 18 216 1-5 10 32 30 7,776  1-10 20 1,024 60 60,466,176

The example as described illustrates the selection of the taggants, combinations, and taggant fiber counts of taggants for ease of manufacturing the identification fibers. Simpler, and thus cheaper, multicomponent spinpacks can be used when the same taggant color is used for all of the islands of a given filament and/or set of filaments. The increase in the number of codes with taggant color allows for several different codes to be incorporated by simply changing the color to a section of one or more multicomponent spinpacks. If the article performance is not impacted by the color, this may be cheaper than having to change out spinpacks to change the number of segments (e.g., islands).

The example as described also illustrates the selection of coding systems for ease of detection of distinguishable identification fibers. The example coding system requires that there be one and only one of taggant color formation for each of the different segment counts (e.g., 1, 2, and 3 islands) and requires that each segment count is present. Once a taggant color formation has been found for each of the different segment counts, detection and analysis can end with confidence that all distinguishable identification fibers present have been found.

The method one uses for including distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts into a code is not particularly limiting. One skilled in the art can readily see that there exists a large number of ways to generate several sets and/or codes based upon a relatively small number of distinct features, groups of distinguishable identification fibers, taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts.

Although the nonlimiting illustrations above consider either chemical markers or distinct features in the coding systems, one skilled in the art can readily extend the illustrations to include the embodiments with chemical markers and distinct features.

In additional embodiments, an acetate tow band comprises fibers comprising identification fibers. A portion of the identification fibers comprise 1 to 100 chemical markers and a portion of the identification fibers exhibits at least one distinct feature. The identification fibers comprise one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or a same combination of the distinct features. The amount of each of the chemical markers, based on a weight of the fibers, is defined as a chemical marker amount and at least one of the chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amount. The number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count and at least one of the fiber counts corresponds to a taggant fiber count. The chemical markers, the chemical marker amounts, the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers, and the taggant fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the acetate tow band.

The embodiments encompassing acetate tow bands, encompassed acetate tow bands comprising fibers with any combination of attributes described above. Specifically, the identification fiber composition, the sizes and numbers of fibers, the percentage of identification fibers in fibers, yarn, or fiber band, the chemical markers including non-volatile organic compounds, photoluminescent materials, polymeric additives, carbohydrates, metal oxides, inorganic salts, optical isomers, isotopically labeled molecules, and trace chemicals inherent to the manufacturer of the fibers and/or fiber raw materials, the chemical marker amounts, the taggant chemical marker amounts, the percentage of distinct features in a fiber band, the distinct features, the number of distinct features, the combinations of distinct features, groups of distinguishable identification fibers, fiber counts, descriptions of cross-section shapes, cross-section sizes, optical properties, surface markings, multicomponent fibers, segment counts, segment shapes, segment sizes, segment geometries, descriptions of segment pointers, the number of identification fibers, the variation among fibers, the supply chain information, and the non-limiting coding/correlation systems apply to the embodiments encompassing and acetate tow band.

In one aspect, the identification fibers comprise cellulose acetate. In one aspect, the at least one supply chain component comprises the manufacturer of the acetate tow band and the customer of the acetate tow band. In one aspect, the at least one supply chain component comprises the manufacturer of the acetate tow band and the ship-to location of the acetate tow band.

Because cellulose acetate tow is made on an industrial scale, it is amenable to being tagged with various components to identify the manufacturer, as well as other supply chain information such as the customer it was sold to, location of shipment, or even a unique identifier, i.e., a serial number, for each bale of tow.

The disclosed embodiments also include a filter comprising the acetate tow band described above. In one aspect the filter comprises a filter rod or a cigarette filter.

In further embodiments, a method for making an acetate tow band comprises (a) obtaining the identification fibers; (b) producing the standard fibers on a first fiber production process; and (c) combining the standard fibers with the identification fibers into the acetate tow band. The acetate tow band comprises fibers comprising identification fibers and standard fibers. The standard fibers comprise cellulose acetate. A portion of the identification fibers comprise 1 to 100 chemical markers and a portion of the identification fibers exhibits at least one distinct feature. The identification fibers comprise one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or a same combination of the distinct features. The amount of each of the chemical markers, based on a weight of the fibers, is defined as a chemical marker amount and at least one of the chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amount. The number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count and at least one of the fiber counts corresponds to a taggant fiber count. The chemical markers, the chemical marker amounts, the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers, and the taggant fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the acetate tow band.

The method for making a yarn or fiber band, such as an acetate tow band, encompasses making a yarn or fiber band comprising the fibers with any combination of attributes disclosed above. Specifically, the identification fiber composition, the sizes and numbers of fibers, the percentage of identification fibers in fibers, yarn, or fiber band, the chemical markers including non-volatile organic compounds, photoluminescent materials, polymeric additives, carbohydrates, metal oxides, inorganic salts, optical isomers, isotopically labeled molecules, and trace chemicals inherent to the manufacturer of the fibers and/or fiber raw materials, the chemical marker amounts, the taggant chemical marker amounts, the percentage of distinct features in a fiber band, the distinct features, the number of distinct features, the combinations of distinct features, groups of distinguishable identification fibers, fiber counts, descriptions of cross-section shapes, cross-section sizes, optical properties, surface markings, multicomponent fibers, segment counts, segment shapes, segment sizes, segment geometries, descriptions of segment pointers, the number of identification fibers, the variation among fibers, the supply chain information, and the non-limiting coding/correlation systems apply to the embodiments encompassing and method for making and acetate tow band.

In one aspect, at least a portion of the standard fibers are produced on a fiber production process. In another aspect, standard fibers are received from a third party. Obtaining the identification fibers comprises at least one of (i) producing at least a portion of the identification fibers on the standard fibers' fiber production process, (ii) producing at least a portion of the identification fibers on a process distinct from the standard fibers' fiber production process, or (iii) receiving at least a portion of the identification fibers from a third party.

In one aspect, a portion of the identification fibers are coproduced with the standard fibers and a portion of the fibers making up a fiber band or yarn are spun and combined directly downstream of the fiber production process. One skilled in the art will recognize that this can be done by imparting distinct features to groups of identification fibers, such as distinct cross-section shapes or cross-section sizes imparted to a portion of the fibers from a given spinneret or a given spinning cabinet in the fiber production line. In another aspect, distinct features can be uniformly dispersed throughout the fiber band by imparting distinct features to some or all of the fibers uniformly throughout the production line.

In another aspect, the identification fibers are produced and packaged separately from standard fibers and the identification fibers are combined with the standard fibers to produce a fiber band. The standard fibers may also have been packaged before combining with the identification fibers, or the identification fibers may be combined with the standard fibers before packaging of the fiber band.

The spinning process used for producing the fibers is not particularly limited. In one aspect, the fibers are produced using dry spinning, solution spinning, melt spinning, electro spinning, gel spinning, multi-component spinning, melt blowing, and/or solution blowing. In another aspect, the fibers are produced using dry spinning, solution spinning, melt spinning, electro spinning, gel spinning, and/or multi-component spinning. In a further aspect, the fibers comprise cellulose acetate and are produced using dry spinning.

In one aspect, one or more chemical markers are selected from the group consisting of one or more taggant non-volatile organic compounds, one or more taggant photoluminescent materials, one or more taggant polymeric additives, one or more taggant carbohydrates, one or more taggant metal oxides, one or more taggant inorganic salts, one or more taggant optical isomers, one or more taggant isotopically labeled molecules and one or more taggant trace chemicals inherent to the manufacturer of said fiber band, said fibers and/or said polymer.

The method for incorporating the chemical markers into the fiber band is not particularly limited. Chemical markers disclosed herein can be incorporated into the cellulose acetate tow manufacturing process by several possible methods and at many steps or locations in the process. The general methods can include introduction and mixing in bulk while the product or its raw materials are in a liquid form (e.g. pigment slurry; acid dope; acetone dope; acetic acid; acetic anhydride; neutralization agents; lubricant emulsion) or applied to the surface of the product when in solid form (e.g. pulp rolls; pigment granules; cellulose acetate flake; tow after spinning).

In one aspect, one or more chemical markers can be added to the polymer from which a portion of the identification fibers are made. In one aspect, the chemical marker is added to the spinning solution. The spinning solution is subsequently spun into one or more identification fibers. The chemical marker can be added to the spinning solution upstream of the manufacturing line to be incorporated into all of the fibers of the fiber band or upstream of one or more spinning cabinets or one or more individual spinnerets to incorporate the marker into a portion of the fibers of the fiber band. Static mixers can be used to mix the chemical marker in the spinning solution piping without mechanical agitation. The addition of the chemical markers at the cabinet or spinneret level allows for quicker and less costly purging of the spinning system when chemical marker changes are needed to represent a different supply chain component, for example a different ship to location. In one aspect, one or more of the chemical markers is added to a spinning solution upstream of the first fiber production process, at a spinning cabinet contained within the first fiber production process, or at an individual spinneret contained within the spinning cabinet.

In one aspect, chemical markers are applied to one or more identification fibers by surface application at any point before, during, and/or after the forming of the yarn or fiber band; before, during and/or after the crimping of the fiber band; before, during and/or after the conditioning of the yarn or fiber band; before, during and/or after the conveyance of the yarn or fiber band to the packaging process. In one aspect, the spin finish comprises one or more chemical markers and is applied to the fiber through existing spin finish application equipment. In another aspect, the existing crimper coolant comprises one or more chemical markers.

In one aspect chemical markers can be applied by surface application to one or more identification fibers by a method selected from the group consisting of dipping, immersing, submerging, soaking, rinsing, washing, painting, coating, showering, drizzling, spraying (as liquid or atomized), placing, dusting, sprinkling, affixing, pouring, and direct metering.

In addition to the flexibility of where and how chemical markers are added to the process for making a yarn or fiber band, the form of the chemical markers is not particularly limited. In one aspect, chemical markers can be applied in a form selected from the group consisting of neat, in a solution, in an emulsion, and in a suspension.

The location at which the chemical markers are added may determine the degree of differentiation possible within the supply chain information, e.g. manufacturing location, manufacturing line, production run, or bale. Generally the further upstream the chemical markers are incorporated, the less differentiation is possible. However, the further downstream the chemical markers are applied, the greater the potential capital expense and manufacturing complexity due to the need for a multiplicity of equipment additions and modifications. In one aspect, one or more chemical markers can be added at the point of manufacture of the article. In one aspect, one or more chemical markers can be added at the plugmaker when an acetate tow band is converted into a filter rod.

In the disclosed embodiments, each identification fiber can comprise at least one chemical marker, exhibit at least one distinct feature, or comprise at least one chemical marker and exhibit at least one distinct feature. Identification fibers exhibiting at least one distinct feature are distinguishable identification fibers.

In one aspect, the distinct features comprise taggant cross-section shapes and/or taggant cross-section sizes. In one aspect, the number of identification fibers ranges from 0.01 to 50 percent of fibers, based on the total of identification fibers and standard fibers. In other examples of the number of identification fibers ranges from 0.01 to 25 percent, 0.01 to 10 percent, or 0.01 to 5 percent of the fibers.

In one aspect, the distinct features comprise taggant cross-section shapes. The taggant cross-section shapes are produced using spinneret design and process conditions including spinneret hole geometry, draft ratio, and/or mass transfer rates. One skilled in the art of fiber production recognizes how each of these factors can be manipulated to impact taggant cross-section shape. For example, spinneret holes can vary in shape from non-limiting examples of circular, square, triangular, pentagon, octagon, half circle, and three-quarter circle. In one aspect, at least a portion of the spinneret hole geometries are selected from the group consisting of triangle, circle, rectangle, square, flattened round, trapezoid, hexagon, pentagon, and D-shaped. In another aspect, at least a portion of the spinneret hole geometries are selected from the group consisting of circle, rectangle square, flattened round, trapezoid hexagon, pentagon, and D-shaped

The draft ratio can also impact the shape. Finally, in spinning processes that include the mass transfer of a solvent or other material the polymer of the fiber, one skilled in the art recognizes that process conditions which impact the rate of mass transfer, such as temperature and gas flow, can impact taggant cross-section shape. In another aspect, at least a portion of the spinneret hole geometries are selected from the group consisting of circle, rectangle square, flattened round, trapezoid hexagon, pentagon, and D-shaped.

In one aspect, the distinct features comprise taggant cross-section sizes. The taggant cross-section sizes are produced using design and process conditions including spinneret hole geometry, extrusion flow rate, draft ratio, and/or solids level. When each of the other design and process conditions is held constant, one skilled in the art recognizes the impact of a change in one factor on taggant cross-section size. For example taggant cross-section size increases with increased spinneret hole size. Taggant cross-section size increases with increased extrusion rate. Taggant cross-section size decreases with increased draft ratio. Finally, taggant cross-section size increases with increased solids.

In one aspect, a portion of the identification fibers comprise 1 to 50 groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or combination of distinct features. The number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count. The distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers and the fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the acetate tow band.

In one aspect, the single-component distinguishable identification fibers are produced using distinguishable spinneret holes, each group of the distinguishable spinneret holes being formed by spinneret holes having the same distinguishable spinneret hole geometry. Each group of the distinguishable identification fibers are produced using a corresponding group of the distinguishable spinneret holes. There is a one-to-one relationship between a specific distinguishable spinneret hole geometry and a specific distinguishable identification fiber produced using the specific distinguishable spinneret hole geometry. The number of each of the distinguishable spinneret holes used to make a corresponding group of distinguishable identification fibers is equal to the fiber count for the corresponding group of distinguishable identification fibers.

The spinneret configuration for producing distinguishable identification fibers is not particularly limiting. In one aspect, all of the distinguishable identification fibers are produced from a single spinneret or from multiple spinnerets in a single spinning cabinet. Such a configuration can concentrate the distinguishable identification fibers in a single region of the tow band or article, depending on the band and/or article production arrangement, allowing for more efficient and effective location and characterization of the distinguishable identification fibers. In another aspect, distinguishable identification fibers are produced from multiple spinnerets or from multiple spinnerets in multiple spinning cabinets. Such a configuration can allow for higher total counts of distinguishable identification fibers or could improve overall spinnability of the identification fibers by reducing concentration of the identification fibers being produced from any one spinneret.

Different groups of the distinguishable identification fibers can be produced from separate spinnerets or from several spinnerets in various combinations. For example, each group of distinguishable identification fibers can be produced using a spinneret different from the one used to produce every other group of the distinguishable identification fibers. Such a configuration might allow for improved spinnability of the identification fibers through the optimization of the spinneret and/or the spinning conditions for each group of the distinguishable identification fibers. In another aspect, all groups of the distinguishable identification fibers can be produced from the same spinneret. Such a configuration might allow for reduced variation in the shape or size of the distinguishable identification fibers.

The arrangement of the distinguishable spinneret holes with distinguishable spinneret hole geometry on a particular spinneret is not particularly limiting. In one aspect, all of the holes having a particular spinneret hole geometry can be arranged in the same row or in adjacent rows, or could be arranged in the same concentric ring or adjacent concentric rings, or can be grouped in a specific region of the spinneret. Such configurations may improve the spinnability of the identification fibers or reduce the variation of the shape or size of a distinguishable identification fiber, thereby enabling improved characterization. In another aspect, distinguishable spinneret holes for each group of the distinguishable identification fibers can be distributed uniformly in various patterns, or can be distributed randomly with standard spinneret holes.

In one aspect, one or more distinct features comprise taggant optical properties. The taggant optical properties can be produced by incorporating a substance, for example, fluorescent compounds and/or dyes, in one or more identification fibers. In one aspect, the substance is applied to the surface of one or more identification fibers. The method for applying the substance to the surface of one or more identification fibers is not particularly limited and includes dipping, immersing, submerging, soaking, rinsing, washing, painting, coating, showering, drizzling, spraying (as liquid or atomized), placing, dusting, sprinkling, affixing, pouring, and/or direct metering.

In one aspect, the substance is added to the spinning solution. The spinning solution is subsequently spun into one or more identification fibers. The substance can be added to the spinning solution upstream of the production line, spinning cabinets, and/or individual spinnerets.

In one aspect, one or more distinguishable identification fibers comprises multicomponent fibers. The number of multicomponent fibers, the segment counts in each of the multicomponent fibers, the segment geometrical relationships, and the segment pointers are produced using specific multicomponent spinpack configurations. In one aspect, the multicomponent spinpack is configured to be able to change the polymers going to different segments of a portion of the identification fibers without switching out the multicomponent spinpack. This can allow the implementation of several potential codes without the labor and expense of changing out the multicomponent spinpack. In one aspect, multicomponent distinguishable identification fibers comprising different numbers of segments are produced within a single multicomponent spinpack. In one aspect, identification fibers comprise islands and sea and wherein a portion of the identification fibers are produced with the islands comprising a first polymer and the sea comprising a second polymer and a different portion of the identification fibers are produced with the islands comprising the second polymer and the sea comprising the first polymer. In one aspect, changing the first polymer or the second polymer from the island to the sea or from the sea to the island for at least a portion of the identification fibers does not require changes to the multicomponent spinpack.

In one aspect, the disclosed embodiments provide a multicomponent spinpack capable of producing 1 to 200, 1 to 100 or 1 to 50 multicomponent fibers. In one aspect, the multicomponent spinpack is connected to a manifold system that allows switching among various polymers to feed the various segments.

In one aspect the number of groups of the distinguishable identification fibers ranges from 1 to 25, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 2 to 20, 2 to 15, 3 to 20, and 3 to 15.

Non-limiting examples of specific multicomponent fiber sets and a means for switching the polymer in the island versus the sea are given in FIG. 3 through FIG. 4.

FIG. 3(a) illustrates multicomponent fiber spinpack 200 capable of producing fourteen multicomponent distinguishable identification fibers. Each of the fibers comprises at least one island and sea. For example, as shown in FIG. 3(a), an island is produced from polymer extruded through small circle 230 and sea is produced from the polymer extruded through the area surrounding the small circles 240. In addition to illustrating different numbers of islands FIG. 3(a) illustrates different segment geometrical relationships as seen in comparing the designs of sections 220(a) and 220(b).

FIGS. 3(b), 4(a), and 4(b) illustrate a non-limiting example of a multicomponent spinpack system wherein the polymer of the islands and the polymer of the sea can be independently exchanged for subsets of the multicomponent fibers. Multicomponent fiber spinpack 300 contains four sections for producing eighteen multicomponent fibers 320. Each section, 310, 312, 314 and 316 comprises independent polymer feeds for the islands and the sea of each multicomponent fiber produced. Section 310 can be used to produce three multicomponent fibers with one island. In one example, polymer feed 330 extrudes through the islands and polymer feed 340 extrudes through the sea. Section 312 can be used to produce three multicomponent fibers with two islands. In one example, polymer feed 332 extrudes through the islands and polymer feed 342 extrudes through the sea. Section 314 can be used to produce three multicomponent fibers with three islands. In one example, polymer feed 334 extrudes through the islands and polymer feed 344 extrudes through the sea. Section 316 can be used to produce nine multicomponent fibers with four to twelve islands in each fiber. In one example, polymer feed 336 extrudes through the islands and polymer feed 346 extrudes through the sea.

In one aspect, the polymer feeds can be readily exchanged between islands in the sea in any section of multicomponent fiber spinpack 300. FIG. 4(a) illustrates valve 400 providing flow paths for polymers 450 and 460. In a first configuration, polymer 450 exits outlet 420 via connection 470 and polymer 460 exits outlet 430 via connection 472. FIG. 4(a) illustrates a second configuration wherein polymer 450 exits outlet 430 via connection 472 and polymer 460 exits outlet 420 via connection 470. Switch 440 can be turned to alternate the inlet/outlet configuration, to configure flow path 470 between polymer inlet 450 and outlet 420 and flow path 472 between polymer 460 inlet and 430 outlet; or alternatively, to configure flow path 472 between polymer inlet 450 and outlet 430 and flow path 470 between polymer 460 inlet and 420 outlet. Outlet 420 can be connected to feed the islands and outlet 430 can be connected to feed the seas of a multicomponent fiber spinpack not shown. FIG. 4(b) illustrates the connection of the reservoir of polymer 450 and polymer 460 to multicomponent fiber spinpack 300 through valve 400. Switch 440 is set to allow polymer 450 to flow through outlet 430 to spinpack 300 (e.g., to feed the islands not shown) and polymer 460 to flow through outlet 420 to spinpack 300 (e.g., to feed the seas not shown).

In one aspect, the a portion of identification fibers comprise 1 to 50 groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or combination of distinct features. The number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count. In one aspect, each of the distinguishable identification fibers are produced using a distinguishable spinneret hole or a multicomponent spinpack. Each of the distinguishable spinneret holes exhibit a distinguishable spinneret hole geometry. In one aspect the number of distinguishable identification fibers ranges from 1 to 25, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 2 to 20, 2 to 15, 3 to 20, and 3 to 15.

In one aspect, distinguishable identification fibers comprise a reference fiber. The reference fibers comprises a reference cross-section size and a reference cross-section shape. The reference fibers are produced using distinguishable spinneret holes comprising reference spinneret holes. In one aspect, the number of reference fibers is larger than the number of each other of the distinguishable identification fibers. In one aspect, the number of reference fibers is larger than the number of all other of the distinguishable identification fibers.

The reference fibers can serve to differentiate, for example, large and small sizes of the same cross-section shape. In one aspect, the geometry of the distinguishable spinneret holes is selected relative to the geometry of the reference spinneret hole. In one aspect, the distinguishable identification fibers, excluding the reference fibers, exhibit taggant cross-section sizes either smaller than, the same as, or larger than the cross-section size as determined by effective diameter.

In one aspect the number of reference fibers is selected such that the total number of all distinguishable identification fibers equals a taggant total identification fiber number.

In one aspect, the identification fibers comprise cellulose acetate. In one aspect, the at least one supply chain component comprises the manufacturer of the acetate tow band and the customer of the acetate tow band. In one aspect, the at least one supply chain component comprises the manufacturer of the acetate tow band and the ship-to location of the acetate tow band.

The disclosed embodiments also provide a method for characterizing a fiber sample comprising the disclosed fibers. A portion of the identification fibers comprise 1 to 100 chemical markers and a portion of the identification fibers exhibits at least one distinct feature. The identification fibers comprise one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or a same combination of the distinct features. The method comprises chemical analysis and image analysis. The chemical analysis comprises: (1) dissolving the fiber sample in a solvent to produce a sample solution and/or insolubles; (2) analyzing the sample solution and/or the insoluble to identify the chemical markers and each of the chemical marker amounts. The image analysis comprises (1) applying imaging technology to the fiber sample, (2) detecting the groups of the distinguishable identification fibers, and (3) counting a number of each of the distinguishable identification fibers. The amount of each of the chemical markers, based on a weight of the fibers, is defined as a chemical marker amount and at least one of the chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amount. The number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count and at least one of the fiber counts corresponds to a taggant fiber count. The chemical markers, the chemical marker amounts, the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers, and the taggant fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the fibers are representative of at least one supply chain component of the fiber.

The method for characterizing a fiber sample encompasses characterizing a fiber sample comprising fibers, a yarn, fiber band, and/or article comprising the fibers with any combination of attributes disclosed above. Specifically, the identification fiber composition, the sizes and numbers of fibers, the percentage of identification fibers in fibers, yarn, or fiber band, the chemical markers including non-volatile organic compounds, photoluminescent materials, polymeric additives, carbohydrates, metal oxides, inorganic salts, optical isomers, isotopically labeled molecules, and trace chemicals inherent to the manufacturer of the fibers and/or fiber raw materials, the chemical marker amounts, the taggant chemical marker amounts, the percentage of distinct features in a fiber band, the distinct features, the number of distinct features, the combinations of distinct features, groups of distinguishable identification fibers, fiber counts, descriptions of cross-section shapes, cross-section sizes, optical properties, surface markings, multicomponent fibers, segment counts, segment shapes, segment sizes, segment geometries, descriptions of segment pointers, the number of identification fibers, the variation among fibers, the supply chain information, and the non-limiting coding/correlation systems apply to the embodiments encompassing characterizing a fiber sample. In some embodiments, the fiber sample comprises a portion of an acetate tow band or a filter comprising an acetate tow band, each of which comprises the fibers disclosed above.

The method of characterizing a fiber sample comprises chemical analysis an image analysis. The chemical analysis comprises (1) dissolving the fiber sample in a solvent to produce a sample solution and/or insolubles; (2) analyzing the sample solution and/or the insoluble to identify the chemical markers and each of the chemical marker amounts.

In one aspect, the solvent is selected from the group consisting of ethers; ketones; aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons; water; and ionic liquids. In one aspect, the aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons comprise hetero atoms, wherein the heteroatoms comprise halogens, amines, oxygen, sulfur and/or phosphorus. In another aspect, the solvent comprises acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, methanol, chloroform, dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, nitric acid and/or pyridine.

The equipment and techniques used to identify the chemical markers are not particularly limited. One skilled in the art of analytical chemistry will recognize that there are several chemical analysis technologies useful in analyzing articles and/or prepared samples, for example, by dissolving the articles in a solvent. In one aspect, the chemical markers are analyzed using mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and/or x-ray diffraction. In one aspect, the chemical markers are analyzed using chromatography and/or inductively coupled plasma. One skilled in the art recognizes that these are broad categories of chemical analysis technologies. The specific types of each chemical analysis technology can be used in analyzing chemical markers in the fiber band.

The method of characterizing a fiber sample comprises chemical analysis an image analysis. The image analysis comprises (1) applying imaging technology to the fiber sample, (2) detecting the groups of the distinguishable identification fibers, and (3) counting a number of each of the distinguishable identification fibers.

In one aspect, the imaging technology comprises the use of electromagnetic radiation at visible wavelengths. In another aspect, the image technology comprises the use of electromagnetic radiation at invisible wavelengths. The equipment useful for imaging technology is not particularly limited. Non-limiting examples include human visual inspection, microscopy, electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, and optical scanning.

The imaging technology can be applied to the fiber sample transverse to the length of the fibers. This direction allows, for example, a view of the cross-section shapes of the fibers. The imaging technology can also be applied along the length of fibers. This direction allows, for example, a view of a pattern of surface markings on the fibers.

In one aspect, the fibers are incorporated into a matrix prior to applying the imaging technology. For example, fibers can be immobilized in a polymer that does not interfere with the imaging technology and cut into appropriate sample sizes.

The imaging technology may also be applied to the article comprising the fibers, fiber band, or yarn.

In one aspect, the method for characterizing the fiber sample further comprises (a) correlating one or more of chemical markers, chemical marker amounts, the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers, and/or the one or more taggant fiber counts to a database comprising manufacturer-specific taggants; and (b) determining supply chain information of the fiber sample. The supply chain component comprises a manufacturer of the standard fibers, a manufacture site of the standard fibers, a manufacturing line of the standard fibers, a production run of the standard fibers, a production date of the standard fibers, a package of the standard fibers, a warehouse of the standard fibers, a customer of the standard fibers, a ship-to location of the standard fibers, a manufacturer of a yarn or fiber band comprising the fibers, a manufacturing site of the yarn or fiber band, a manufacturing line of the yarn or fiber band, a production run of the yarn or fiber band, a production date of the yarn or fiber band, a package of the yarn or fiber band, a warehouse of the yarn or fiber band, a customer of the yarn or fiber band, a ship-to location of the yarn or fiber band, a manufacturer of an article comprising the fibers, a manufacture site of the article, a manufacturing line of the article, a production run of the article, a production date of the article, a package of the article, a warehouse of the article, a customer of the article, or a ship-to location of the article.

In one aspect, the supply chain information comprises the manufacturer of the yarn or fiber band. In one aspect, the supply chain information comprises the manufacture site of the yarn or fiber band. In one aspect the supply chain information comprises the manufacturing line of the yarn or fiber band. The manufacturing line of the yarn or fiber band is the manufacturing line on which the yarn or fiber band was produced. In one aspect, the supply chain information comprises the production run of the yarn or fiber band. The production run of the yarn or fiber band is the production run within which the yarn or fiber band was produced. In one aspect, the supply chain information comprises the production date of the yarn or fiber band. The production date of the yarn or fiber band is the production date on which the yarn or fiber band was produced. In one aspect, the supply chain information comprises the bale of the yarn or fiber band. In one aspect, the supply chain information comprises the customer of the yarn or fiber band. The customer of the yarn or fiber band is the customer to whom the manufacturer plans to send or has sent the yarn or fiber band. In one aspect, the supply chain information comprises the ship-to location of the yarn or fiber band. The ship-to location of the yarn or fiber band is the specific geographic location to which the manufacturer plans to send or has sent the yarn or fiber band.

The disclosed embodiments also include the making an article with a fiber band having any of the disclosed features. Additional disclosed embodiments also include an article comprising a fiber band having any of the disclosed features. In other embodiments, the fibers having any of the disclosed features are formed into a yarn.

FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate non-limiting examples of an environment 500 depicting communication and shipping channels among entities consistent with disclosed embodiments. In one embodiment, environment 500 of FIGS. 5A and 5B may include one or more manufacturers 510, one or more customers 520, a black market 540 or other illicit trade network, one or more requesting parties 530, one or more laboratories 560, and communication network 550. The components and arrangement of the components included in environment 500 (e.g., as illustrated in FIGS. 5A and 5B) may vary. Thus, environment 500 may include other components that perform or assist in the performance of one or more processes consistent with the disclosed embodiments.

In some aspects, network 550 may be any type of network configured to provide communication means between systems of components of environment 500 (e.g., manufacturing system 512 and/or laboratory system 562). For example, network 550 may be any type of network (including infrastructure) that facilitates communications, exchanges information, etc., such as the Internet, a Local Area Network, near field communication, and/or other suitable connection(s) that enables the sending and receiving of information between the component systems associated with environment 500. In other embodiments, one or more component systems of environment 500 may communicate directly through a dedicated communication link(s), such as links between manufacturer 510, customer 520, requesting party 530, and/or laboratory 560.

Further, and as stated above, manufacturers (e.g., manufacturer 510) may produce cellulose acetate fibers and fiber products that incorporate the cellulose acetate fibers on an industrial scale. In some embodiments, the produced cellulose acetate fibers and fiber products may include standard fibers and identification fibers. Each of the identification fibers exhibits one or more distinct features (e.g., distinct cross-section sizes, distinct cross-section shapes, distinct optical properties, and additionally or alternatively, distinct surface markings, such as bar codes and repeating surface patterns) that visually distinguish the identification fibers from the standard fibers. In additional aspects, the identification fibers may include groups of distinguishable identification fibers that exhibit the same distinct feature or the same combination of the distinct features. In additional aspects, each of the groups may be associated with a corresponding number of the distinguishable identification fibers, defined as the fiber count which may correspond to a taggant fiber count. In some aspects a number of taggant fiber counts may be associated with each group of the distinguishable identification fibers.

In other aspects, the identification fibers may include one or more chemical markers present in corresponding chemical marker amounts. At least one of the chemical marker amounts may, by way of example, represent a taggant chemical marker amount, which may distinguish the identification fibers from the standard fibers. As stated above, the at least one taggant chemical marker amount may be selected from a number of taggant chemical marker amounts appropriate for inclusion within the identification fibers. In certain aspects, the chemical markers, the at least one taggant chemical marker amount, and/or the number of taggant chemical marker amounts may be representative of at least one supply chain component associated with fibers or fiber products, including cellulose acetate fibers and fiber products.

In some embodiments, the inclusion of identification fibers in the cellulose acetate fibers may enable manufacturer 510 to tag the cellulose acetate fibers, and thus, the fiber products that include the cellulose acetate fibers, with supply chain information prior to shipment to customers 520. By way of example, fiber products consistent with the disclosed embodiments may include, but are not limited to, cellulose acetate tow, loose bands of cellulose acetate tow, bales of cellulose acetate tow, and fabrics and other articles that include the cellulose acetate fibers and/or tow.

For example, and in the context of cigarette manufacturing, customer 520 may use a bale of acetate tow to produce various intermediate and/or final stage products (e.g., loose tow band, filter rods, filters, and/or cigarettes) and a fraction of these products can ultimately find their way onto the black market (e.g., black market 440). Thus, because supply chain information can be determined from a sample of any black market product having tagged identification fibers, a party interested in combating illicit trade (e.g., requesting party 530) may obtain a black market product and submit a sample for analysis in order to identify supply chain information associated with the black market product.

Thus, in one embodiment, requesting party 530 may provide the sample to manufacturer 510, as depicted in FIG. 5A. Manufacturer 510 may, in certain aspects, analyze the sample to identify at least one component of a supply chain associated with the sample. For example, the sample may include standard and identification fibers, and in some instances, manufacturer 510 may analyze the sample using any of the exemplary techniques outlined above.

Based on the analysis, manufacturer 510 may identify groups of distinguishable identification fibers that exhibit corresponding distinct features or combinations of distinct features. As noted above, the distinct features include, but are not limited to, cross-section size and/or cross-section shape. Manufacturer 510 may also identify the fiber count, the number of identification fibers in each of the groups of distinguishable identification fibers. Manufacturer 510 may also establish a number of taggant fiber counts for the exhibited groups of distinguishable identification fibers that, in some instances, represent the number of the taggant fiber count alternatives available for each group of the distinguishable identification fibers.

In certain aspects, manufacturer 510 may access correlation data mapping components of the supply chain to the exhibited distinct features, combinations of distinct features and/or the established taggant fiber counts. Manufacturer 510 may identify the at least one component of the supply chain based on, for example, a comparison of the exhibited distinct features, combinations of distinct features and/or the established taggant fiber counts to the accessed correlation data. In some instances, manufacturer 510 may transmit information identifying the at least one supply chain component to requesting party 530 (e.g., across network 550).

In further embodiments, manufacturer 510 may identify one or more chemical markers present within the identification fibers, and further, may identify at least one taggant chemical marker amount associated with one or more of the identified chemical markers. The correlation data accessed by manufacturer 510 may, in some aspects, also map components of the supply chain to the identified chemical markers and/or the at least one identified taggant chemical marker amount. Manufacturer 510 may identify the at least one component of the supply chain based on, for example, a comparison of the identified chemical markers and/or the at least one identified taggant chemical marker amount to the accessed correlation data. In some instances, and as described above, manufacturer 510 may transmit information identifying the at least one supply chain component to requesting party 530 (e.g., across network 550).

In other embodiments, the accessed correlation data may map the supply chain components to not only the exhibited distinct features, combinations of distinct features, the taggant fiber counts, but also to a number of taggant fiber counts for each group of distinguishable identification fibers. Thus, in some aspects, manufacturer 510 may also establish (i.e., count) the number of the distinguishable identification fibers included within each of the groups and determine the corresponding taggant fiber count, and may identify the at least one component of the supply chain based on, for example, a comparison of the exhibited distinct features, combinations of distinct features, the established taggant fiber counts, and/or the number of taggant fiber count to the accessed correlation data.

Further, as noted above, the distinguishable identification fibers may include reference fibers having a corresponding reference cross-section shape and a corresponding reference cross-section size. The reference cross-section may, for example, represent an average effective diameter of at least a portion of the reference fibers, and in some aspects, the reference cross-section size may exceed, or alternatively, be smaller than, the cross-section sizes of each of the other distinguishable identification fibers in the sample. Thus, in an embodiment, manufacturer 510 may determine that a cross-section size of a first group of the distinguishable identification fibers is larger than or smaller than the cross-section sizes of each of the other groups of the distinguishable identification fibers (e.g., using any of the exemplary techniques described above), and may establish the first group of the distinguishable identification fibers as the reference fibers.

In further aspects, a number of the reference fibers within the sample may exceed the numbers of the distinguishable identification fibers within the other groups of distinguishable identification fibers. Thus, in an embodiment, manufacturer 510 may count the number of identification fibers included within each of the groups of distinguishable identification fibers, determine that the number of the distinguishable identification fibers included within a first groups of the distinguishable identification fibers exceeds the numbers of the distinguishable identification fibers within one or more of the other groups of distinguishable identification fibers, and based on the determination, establish the first group of distinguishable identification fibers as the reference fibers. For example, the number of reference fibers in the sample may exceed a sum of the numbers of the distinguishable identification fibers within each other of the groups of distinguishable identification fibers, and additionally or alternatively, the number of reference fibers may exceed a maximum of the numbers of the distinguishable identification fibers included within corresponding ones of the other groups of distinguishable identification fibers.

Furthermore, correlation data consistent with the disclosed embodiments may map the supply chain components to not only the exhibited distinct features (e.g., cross-section size and/or shape, optical properties, surface markings, etc.), combinations of the distinct features, the established taggant fiber counts, and/or the number of taggant fiber counts, but also to the number of reference fibers counted within the sample. Thus, in some aspects, manufacturer 510 may identify the at least one component of the supply chain based on, for example, a comparison of the exhibited distinct features and combinations of distinct features, the established taggant fiber counts, the number of taggant fiber counts and/or the number of reference fibers counted within the sample to the accessed correlation data.

In the exemplary embodiments described above, manufacturer 510 may analyze the sample to identify at least one component of a supply chain associated with the sample. The disclosed embodiments are, however, not limited to exemplary analyses conducted by manufacturer 510, and in further embodiments, customer 520, requesting party 530, or a third-party (not shown) may conduct the analysis for identifying supply chain information from tagged fibers.

For example, as illustrated in FIG. 5B, a laboratory 560 may act on behalf of requesting party 530 and perform the analysis on the sample to identify the at least one supply chain component associated with the sample. In some instances, laboratory 560 may represent a governmental entity, a quasi-governmental entity, or a private entity capable of performing the analysis, and requesting party 530 may contract with or retain laboratory 560 to perform the analysis on a one-time or recurring basis.

In other instances, however, laboratory 560 may be established by one of more of manufacturer 510, customers 520, and/or requesting party 530 in order to regularly and reliably identify supply chain components associated with samples taken from illicitly traded cellulose acetate fibers or fiber products that incorporate the cellulose acetate fibers (e.g., as obtained by requesting party 530 from black market 540). Laboratory 560 may, in certain aspects, perform the analysis of the sample in accordance with one or more procedures established by a manufacturer 510, customers 520, and/or requesting party 530. For example, one or more of manufacturer 510, customers 520, and/or requesting party 530 may collectively establish standardized procedures and protocols for receiving and handling samples, analyzing the samples to identify the supply chain components in an accurate and repeatable manner, and reporting portions of the identified supply chain components to manufacturer 510, customers 520, and/or requesting party 530. Further, in additional embodiments, laboratory 560 may also assign the distinct features (e.g., cross-section size and/or shape, optical properties, surface markings, etc.), combinations of distinct features, the taggant fiber counts, and/or the number of taggant fiber counts to various components of the supply chain (e.g., manufacturers) to uniquely identify these supply chain components. In further embodiments, customer 520, requesting party 530, or a third-party (not shown) may assign this distinct features, the combinations of distinct features, the taggant fiber counts, and/or the number of taggant fiber counts to various components of the supply chain (e.g., manufacturers) to uniquely identify these supply chain components.

In other embodiments, laboratory 160 may also assign chemical markers, at least one taggant chemical marker amount, and additionally or alternatively, numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts to various components of the supply chain (e.g., manufacturers) to uniquely identify these supply chain components. In further embodiments, customer 520, requesting party 530, or a third-party (not shown) may assign a portion of the chemical markers, the at least one taggant chemical marker amount, and/or the numbers of taggant chemical marker to various components of the supply chain (e.g., manufacturers) to uniquely identify these supply chain components.

In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 5B, requesting party 530 may provide the sample to laboratory 560. Laboratory 560 may, in certain aspects, analyze the sample to identify at least one component of a supply chain associated with the sample (e.g., a manufacturer). For example, using any of the exemplary techniques described above, laboratory 560 may analyze the sample to identify each of the groups of distinguishable identification fibers that exhibits the same distinct features and/or the same combination of distinct features, count a number of distinguishable identification fibers included within each of the groups (establishing the taggant fiber count for each group of distinguishable identification fibers), and additionally or alternatively, identify and count a number of reference fibers within the sample. Further, laboratory 560 may access correlation data, and using any of the exemplary techniques described above, identify the at least one supply chain component based on a comparison of the exhibited distinct features, combinations of distinct features, the established taggant fiber counts, the number of taggant fiber counts, and/or the number of reference fibers included within the sample to the accessed correlation data.

In additional embodiments, laboratory 560 may function as a centralized facility that assigns unique distinct features, combinations of distinct features (e.g., as exhibited by groups of distinguishable identification fibers), taggant fiber counts (e.g., representative of the number of fibers in each group of distinguishable identification fibers), and/or a number of taggant fiber counts (e.g., as representative of a number of the of alternative fiber counts) to various components of the supply chain (e.g., to manufacturer 510). For example, laboratory 560 may assign, to manufacturer 510, a particular taggant fiber count (e.g., a taggant fiber count of ten) and/or particular combinations of cross-section size and shape (e.g., large and small Y-shaped identification fibers, and large and small D-shaped identification fibers).

When exhibited by identification fibers included within cellulose acetate fibers and corresponding fiber products produced by manufacturer 510, the assigned combinations of cross-section size and cross-section shape and/or taggant fiber counts may uniquely represent manufacturer 510 and may enable laboratory 560 (and additionally or alternatively, any other entity within environment 500) to identify manufacturer 510 as a source of the fiber products using any of the analytical techniques described above. Further, laboratory 560 (and additionally or alternatively, any other entity within environment 500) may also establish and maintain data records (e.g., within a centralized database implemented using the exemplary computing systems outlined below) that identify a correlation between the various supply chain components (e.g., manufacturer 510) and corresponding ones of the assigned distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts.

The disclosed embodiments are, however, not limited to the assignment of exemplary taggant fiber counts, cross-section sizes, and cross-section shapes to manufacturer 510. In further embodiments, laboratory 560 may assign any additional or alternate set or combinations of sets of distinct features to uniquely identify manufacturer 510. For example, laboratory 560 may assign one or more cross-section sizes and/or one or more cross-section shapes to manufacturer 510. In other instances, laboratory 560 may assign one or more optical properties, and additionally or alternatively, one or more surface markings, to represent manufacturer 510, either alone or in combination with the assigned cross-section sizes and/or shapes.

In certain aspects, laboratory 560 may establish a centralized repository for data and data records (e.g., using any of the exemplary computing systems outlined below) that correlate the various supply chain components (e.g., manufacturer 510) to corresponding ones of taggant fiber counts, distinct features (e.g., cross-section size and/or shape, optical properties, surface markings, etc.), combinations of the distinct features, and/or number of taggant fiber counts. Further, in other aspects, laboratory 560 may access the centralized repository and generate one or more reports specifying the taggant fiber counts, the distinct features, the combinations of distinct features, and/or the number of taggant fiber counts that uniquely identify at least one of the supply chain components (e.g., manufacturers). Laboratory 560 may, in some instances, generate the reports at predetermined intervals or in response to received requests (e.g., from requesting party 530, manufacturer 510, etc.), and may provide the generated reports to various parties and entities within environment 500 (e.g., across network 550).

In some embodiments, laboratory 560 may access the centralized repository to identify at least one supply chain component (e.g., manufacturer 510) associated with a distinct feature, combination of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts determined by laboratory 560 (e.g., using any of the analytical techniques outlined above) and additionally or alternatively, obtained from any third party or other entity within environment 500. Further, and as described below, the centralized repository may enable laboratory 560 to determine whether proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, proposed taggant fiber counts, and/or proposed number of taggant fiber counts (e.g., as selected by manufacturer 510) are capable of uniquely representing fibers and fiber products of manufacturer 510 that are introduced into the supply chain.

In certain embodiments, laboratory 560 may receive proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features (e.g., proposed cross-section sizes and/or cross-section shapes), proposed taggant fiber counts, and/or proposed number of taggant fiber counts from manufacturer 510. Laboratory 560 may, for example, compare the proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, proposed taggant fiber counts, and/or proposed number of taggant fiber counts against the established data records (e.g., within the centralized repository) to determine whether these proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, proposed taggant fiber counts, and/or proposed number of taggant fiber counts are capable of uniquely identifying manufacturer 510 (e.g., that the proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, proposed taggant fiber, pace that counts are assigned to no other supply chain components, such as another manufacturer). If the proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, proposed taggant fiber counts, and/or proposed number of taggant fiber counts could uniquely represent manufacturer 510, laboratory 560 may assign the proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, proposed taggant fiber counts, and/or proposed number of taggant fiber counts to manufacturer 510, update the data records to reflect the assignment, and provide confirmation of the assignment to manufacturer 510 (e.g., between computing systems of laboratory 560 and manufacturer 510 across network 550).

Alternatively, if laboratory 560 previously assigned the proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, proposed taggant fiber counts and/or proposed number of taggant fiber counts to another manufacturer (or the proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, proposed taggant fiber counts, and/or proposed number of taggant fiber counts are inappropriate to represent manufacturer 510), laboratory 560 may assign alternate distinct features, combinations of distinct features, alternate taggant fiber counts, and/or alternative number of taggant fiber counts to manufacturer 510, update the data records to reflect the alternate assignment, and provide confirmation of the alternate assignment to manufacturer 510. In other aspects, laboratory 560 could provide, to manufacturer 510, an indication of the assignment of the proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts to another manufacturer, and request that manufacturer 510 propose additional distinct features, combination of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts for assignment by laboratory 560, as described above.

In certain aspects, upon confirmation of the assignment, manufacturer 510 may obtain and/or produce identification fibers that exhibit the assigned distinct features, combinations of distinct features, the taggant fiber counts, number of taggant fiber counts. For example, the obtained or produced identification fibers may include groups of distinguishable identification fibers that exhibit the assigned distinct features or combinations of distinct features and further, are present in the fiber counts that correspond to the assigned taggant fiber counts.

In other aspects, however, manufacturer 510 may further correlate the assigned distinct features, combinations of distinct features, the taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts to one or more upstream components of the supply chain (e.g., a manufacture site, a manufacturing line, a production run, a production date, a bale) and/or various downstream components of the supply chain (e.g., a warehouse, a customer, a ship-to location, etc.). For example, manufacturer 510 may further specify fiber counts, in combination with the assigned distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts uniquely represent a particular customer within the supply chain (e.g., customer 520).

The disclosed embodiments are, however, not limited to techniques that enable manufacturer 510 to correlate customer 510 to assigned distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts. In further embodiments, manufacturer 510 may specify any additional or alternate taggant information (e.g., numbers of reference fibers, etc.) to represent other upstream or downstream supply components (or combinations thereof) in conjunction with the assigned distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts.

In some aspects, while laboratory 560, or another entity, may maintain information linking manufacturer 510 to assigned distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts manufacturer 510 may hold confidential additional taggant information (e.g., fiber counts, numbers of reference fibers, non-assigned taggant fiber counts, etc.) that links identification fibers, and thus fiber products produced by manufacturer 510, to other upstream and downstream components of the supply chain. The confidentiality of the additional taggant information may, in certain instances, enable manufacturer 510 to prevent laboratory 560 from identifying customers (e.g., customer 520), ship-to locations, warehouses, and other internal supply chain components (e.g., manufacture site or line, and production run or date) associated with manufacturer 510.

In further embodiments, illustrated in FIG. 5B, requesting party 530 may provide the sample to laboratory 560. Laboratory 560 may, in certain aspects, analyze the sample to identify at least one component of a supply chain associated with the sample (e.g., a manufacturer). For example, using any of the exemplary techniques described above, laboratory 560 may analyze the sample to identify chemical markers and further, at least one taggant chemical marker amount present within the sample. Further, laboratory 560 may access correlation data, and using any of the exemplary techniques described above, identify the at least one supply chain component based on a comparison of the chemical markers and/or the at least one taggant chemical marker amount to the accessed correlation data.

In additional embodiments, laboratory 560 may function as a centralized facility that assigns unique chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts to various components of the supply chain (e.g., to manufacturer 510). For example, laboratory 560 may assign one or more chemical markers and at least one taggant chemical marker amount to manufacturer 510.

When present in identification fibers included within cellulose acetate fibers and corresponding fiber products produced by manufacturer 510, the assigned chemical markers and/or at least one taggant chemical marker amount may uniquely represent manufacturer 510 and may enable laboratory 560 (and additionally or alternatively, any other entity within environment 500) to identify manufacturer 510 as a source of the fiber products using any of the analytical techniques described above. Further, laboratory 560 (and additionally or alternatively, any other entity within environment 500) may also establish and maintain data records (e.g., within a centralized database implemented using the exemplary computing systems outlined below) that identify a correlation between the various supply chain components (e.g., manufacturer 510) and the assigned chemical markers and at least one taggant chemical marker amount (and additionally or alternative, one or more assigned numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts).

In certain aspects, laboratory 560 may establish a centralized repository for data and data records (e.g., using any of the exemplary computing systems outlined below) that correlate the various supply chain components (e.g., manufacturer 510) to corresponding ones of chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts. Further, in other aspects, laboratory 560 may access the centralized repository and generate one or more reports specifying the chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts that uniquely identify at least one of the supply chain components (e.g., manufacturers). Laboratory 560 may, in some instances, generate the reports at predetermined intervals or in response to received requests (e.g., from requesting party 530, manufacturer 510, etc.), and may provide the generated reports to various parties and entities within environment 500 (e.g., across network 550).

In some embodiments, laboratory 560 may access the centralized repository to identify at least one supply chain component (e.g., manufacturer 510) associated with at least one chemical marker and/or at least one taggant chemical marker amount identified by laboratory 560 (e.g., using any of the analytical techniques outlined above) and additionally or alternatively, obtained from any third party or other entity within environment 500. Further, and as described below, the centralized repository may enable laboratory 560 to determine whether proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts (e.g., as selected by manufacturer 510) are capable of uniquely representing fibers and fiber products of manufacturer 510 that are introduced into the supply chain.

In certain embodiments, laboratory 560 may receive proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts from manufacturer 510. Laboratory 560 may, for example, compare the proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts against the established data records (e.g., within the centralized repository) to determine whether these proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts are capable of uniquely identifying manufacturer 510 (e.g., that the proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts are assigned to no other supply chain components, such as another manufacturer). If the proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts could uniquely represent manufacturer 510, laboratory 560 may assign the proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts to manufacturer 510, update the data records to reflect the assignment, and provide confirmation of the assignment to manufacturer 510 (e.g., between computing systems of laboratory 560 and manufacturer 510 across network 550).

Alternatively, if laboratory 560 previously assigned the proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts to another manufacturer (or the proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts are inappropriate to represent manufacturer 510), laboratory 560 may assign alternate chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts to manufacturer 510, update the data records to reflect the alternate assignment, and provide confirmation of the alternate assignment to manufacturer 510. In other aspects, laboratory 560 could provide, to manufacturer 510, an indication of the assignment of the proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts to another manufacturer, and request that manufacturer 510 propose additional chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts for assignment by laboratory 560, as described above.

In certain aspects, upon confirmation of the assignment, manufacturer 510 may obtain and/or produce identification fibers that include the assigned chemical markers. For example, the assigned chemical markers may be present within the obtained or produced identification fibers in corresponding chemical marker amounts (e.g., by weight of the identification fibers), at least a portion of which correspond to the assigned taggant chemical marker amounts.

In other aspects, however, manufacturer 510 may further correlate the assigned chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts to one or more upstream components of the supply chain (e.g., a manufacture site, a manufacturing line, a production run, a production date, a bale) and/or various downstream components of the supply chain (e.g., a warehouse, a customer, a ship-to location, etc.). For example, manufacturer 510 may further specify assigned one or more of chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts to uniquely represent a particular customer within the supply chain (e.g., customer 520).

The disclosed embodiments are, however, not limited to techniques that enable manufacturer 510 to correlate customer 520 to assigned chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts. In further embodiments, manufacturer 510 may specify any additional or alternate taggant information to represent other upstream or downstream supply components (or combinations thereof) in conjunction with the assigned chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts.

In some aspects, while laboratory 560, or another entity, may maintain information linking manufacturer 510 to assigned chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts, manufacturer 510 may hold confidential additional taggant information (e.g., non-assigned chemical markers, non-assigned taggant chemical marker amounts, etc.) that links identification fibers, and thus fiber products produced by manufacturer 510, to other upstream and downstream components of the supply chain. The confidentiality of the additional taggant information may, in certain instances, enable manufacturer 510 to prevent laboratory 560 from identifying customers (e.g., customer 520), ship-to locations, warehouses, and other internal supply chain components (e.g., manufacture site or line, and production run or date) associated with manufacturer 510.

The embodiments described above identify particular combinations of taggant information that correlate to a specific component of a supply chain and, when exhibited in identification fibers of a sample, enable a laboratory, a manufacturer, or other entities to identify the specific supply chain component associated with the sample. One of ordinary skill in the art would, however, understand that the disclosed embodiments are not limited to the particular combinations or taggant information outlined above, and in further embodiments, specific supply chain components may be correlated with any additional or alternate physical, chemical, and/or optical characteristic exhibited by the identification fibers, either alone or in combination. Moreover, while not depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B, one of skill in the art would understand that entities associated with environment 500 (shown and not shown) may employ one or more warehouses to store raw materials, intermediate products, final stage products, etc. in conducting operations consistent with disclosed embodiments.

FIG. 6 illustrates a non-limiting example of a computing system 600 used by one or more entities consistent with disclosed embodiments. Variations of exemplary system 600 may be used by manufacturer 510 (e.g., as manufacturer system 512), customer 520, requesting party 530, and/or laboratory 560 (e.g., as laboratory system 562). In one embodiment, system 600 may comprise one or more processors 621, one or more input/output (I/O) devices 622, and one or more memories 623. In some embodiments, system 600 may take the form of a server, mainframe computer, or any combination of these components. In some embodiments, system 600 may take the form of a mobile computing device such as a smartphone, tablet, laptop computer, or any combination of these components. Alternatively, system 600 may be configured as a particular apparatus, embedded system, dedicated circuit, and the like based on the storage, execution, and/or implementation of the software instructions that perform one or more operations consistent with the disclosed embodiments.

Processor 621 may include one or more known processing devices, such as mobile device microprocessors or any various other processors. The disclosed embodiments are not limited to any type of processor(s) configured in system 600.

Memory 623 may include one or more storage devices configured to store instructions used by processor 624 to perform functions related to the disclosed embodiments. For example, memory 623 may be configured with one or more software instructions, such as program(s) 624 that may perform one or more operations consistent with disclosed embodiments when executed by processor 621. The disclosed embodiments are not limited to separate programs or computers configured to perform dedicated tasks. For example, memory 623 may include a single program 624 that performs the functions of system 600, or program 624 may comprise multiple programs. Memory 623 may also store data 625 that is used by one or more programs 612, such as correlation data mapping distinct features to one or more components of the supply chain information.

I/O devices 622 may be one or more devices configured to allow data to be received and/or transmitted by system 600. I/O devices 622 may include one or more digital and/or analog devices that allow components of environment 500 to communicate with other machines and devices, such as other components of environment 500. For example, I/O devices 622 may include a screen for displaying messages, distinct feature information, supply chain information, or providing other information to the user, such as an employee of manufacturer 510, customer 520, requesting party 530, and/or laboratory 560. I/O devices 622 may also include one or more digital and/or analog devices that allow a user to interact with system 600 such as a touch-sensitive area, keyboard, buttons, or microphones. I/O devices 622 may also include other components known in the art for interacting with a user.

The components of system 600 may be implemented in hardware, software, or a combination of both hardware and software, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, although one or more components of system 600 may be implemented as computer processing instructions, all or a portion of the functionality of system 600 may be implemented instead in dedicated electronics hardware.

System 600 may also be communicatively connected to one or more database(s) 627. System 600 may be communicatively connected to database(s) 627 through network 550. Database 627 may include one or more memory devices that store information and are accessed and/or managed through system 600. By way of example, database(s) 627 may include Oracle™ databases, Sybase™ databases, or other relational databases or non-relational databases, such as Hadoop sequence files, H Base, or Cassandra.

The databases or other files may include, for example, data and information related to distinct features, supply chain information, correlation data mapping the distinct features to the supply chain information, data indicative of distinct features assigned to the supply chain information, etc. For example, the databases and other files may include correlation data mapping the supply chain components to distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, number of taggant fiber counts, and/or numbers of reference fibers included in fiber samples, as described above. Further, by way of example, the databases and other files may also include distinct features, combinations of the distinct features, the taggant fiber counts, number of taggant fiber counts, and/or the numbers of reference fibers included in fiber samples assigned to supply chain components by laboratory 560, as outlined above.

Systems and methods of disclosed embodiments, however, are not limited to separate databases. In one aspect, system 600 may include database 627. Alternatively, database 627 may be located remotely from the system 600. Database 627 may include computing components (e.g., database management system, database server, etc.) configured to receive and process requests for data stored in memory devices of database(s) 627 and to provide data from database 627.

Although the above description has designated laboratory 560 as the entity assigning various taggants, in other aspects, manufacturer 510, customer 520, requesting party 530 or a third-party entity not shown may be the one assigning taggants for identification fibers. Furthermore, as seen from FIGS. 5A and 5B, although the description has focused on cellulose acetate tow and the black market associated with cigarette filters, the embodiments clearly apply to fibers of any material and any article subject to illicit trade.

FIG. 7 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for embedding supply chain information into fibers, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. The process comprises step 702, obtaining standard fibers and identifying one or more distinct features; step 704, identifying one or more distinct features, combinations of disctinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or number of taggant fiber counts representative of at least one component of the supply chain; step 706, obtaining identification fibers that exhibit the distinct features, exhibit the combinations of disctinct features, are associated with the taggant fiber counts, and/or are associated with the number of taggant fiber counts; step 708, combining the standard fibers and the identification fibers to form fibers and/or a fiber product: and step 710, providing the fibers and/or the fiber product to a customer.

FIG. 8 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for generating correlation data, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. For example, as described in FIG. 8, manufacturer 510 (and additionally or alternatively, laboratory 560) may perform step 802 by generating a first structured list of the supply chain components having one or more corresponding attributes, and may preform step 804 by generating a second structured list of the distinct features (e.g., cross-section size and/or shape, optical properties, surface markings, etc.). In some aspects, manufacturer 510 may perform step 806 by establishing measurable gradations of the distinct features included in the second structured list, and further, may perform steps 808 and 810 by mapping (i) elements of the first structured list to elements of the second structured list and (ii) the attributes of the supply chain components to the established measurable gradations. Manufacturer 510 may, in additional aspects, perform step 812 by storing correlation data (e.g., in database 627) reflecting the mapping of the elements of the first and second structured lists and the mapping of the supply attributes of the supply chain components to the established measurable gradations.

FIG. 9 illustrates an additional non-limiting example of a process for generating correlation data, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. For example, as described in FIG. 9, laboratory 560 (and additionally or alternatively, manufacturer 510) may perform step 902 by generating a first structured list of components of the supply chain. In one instance, the supply chain components may represent one or more corresponding attributes. Laboratory 560 may also perform step 904 by establishing measurable gradations in the distinct features (e.g., gradations in cross-section size and/or shape, optical properties, surface markings, etc.), and may perform step 906 by generating a second structured list comprising distinct combinations of the established measurable gradations of the distinct features. In some aspects, laboratory 560 may perform step 908 by generating a third structured list identifying potential groups of the distinguishable identification fibers that exhibit corresponding ones of distinct features or combinations of the distinct features included within the third structured list. The potential groups of the distinguishable identification fibers may, for example, be capable of representing the supply chain components included within the first structured list. Laboratory 560 may further perform steps 910 and 912 by mapping the attributes of the supply chain components to the potential groups of the distinguishable identification fibers, and storing correlation data (e.g., in database 627) reflecting the mapping of the attributes of the supply chain components to the potential groups of the distinguishable identification fibers.

FIG. 10 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for producing identification fibers, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. The process comprises step 1002, receiving indication of one or more supply chain information components to reflect in identification fibers; step 1004, accessing database storing correlation data mapping distinct features and/or combinations of distinct features to supply chain information components; step 1006, identifying distinct features and/or combinations of distinct features associated with one or more supply chain information components; step 1008, choosing manufacturing method(s) associated with producing identification fibers with identified distinct features and/or combinations of distinct features; and step 1010, producing identification fibers according to manufacturing method(s).

FIG. 11 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for choosing one or more method for manufacturing identification fibers, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. The process comprises step 1102, receiving selection of distinct features; step 1104 determining cross-section shapes, numbers of ID fibers, and/or the size of cross-section shapes, if any; step 1106 selecting spinneret design and processing conditions based on the determination of step 1104; step 1108, deciding whether to include surface markings; if surface marking are to be included then steps 1110 and 1112 are performed, determining surface markings and selecting equipment for physical scoring, surface morphology modification, and/or photochemical reaction based on determination of step 1110; step 1114, deciding whether to include repeated patterns; if repeated patterns are to be included then steps 1116 and 1118, receiving pattern for varying distinctive features along ID fiber and calibrating equipment based on received pattern of step 1116; and step 1120, producing ID fibers.

FIG. 12 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for identifying at least one supply chain component associated with a fiber sample, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. The process comprises step 1202, receiving request to identify supply chain information associated with a fiber sample; step 1204, analyzing the fiber sample for identification fibers including one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers exhibiting corresponding distinct features and/or combinations of distinct features; step 1206, establishing taggant fiber counts and/or a number of taggant fiber counts associated with the groups of the distinguishable identification fibers; step 1208, accessing a database storing correlation data mapping supply chain components to the exhibited distinct features, the exhibited combinations of distinct features, the established taggant fiber counts, and/or the established number of taggant fiber counts; step 1210, identifying at least one component of the supply chain based on the correlation data and the exhibited distinct features, the exhibited combinations of distinct features, the established taggant fiber counts, and/or the established number of taggant fiber counts; and step 1212, transmitting information identifying the at least one supply chain component to a requesting party.

FIG. 13 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for assigning, to supply chain components, combinations of distinct features and taggant fiber counts that uniquely represent the supply chain components, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. The illustrated process comprises step 1302, receiving proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or a number of taggant fiber counts from a manufacturer; step 1304, accessing a data base storing distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or a number of taggant fiber counts previously assigned to supply chain components; step 1306, determining if the proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or a number of taggant fiber counts are previously assigned; if the determination of step 1306 is yes, then performing step 1312, assigning alternate distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or a number of taggant fiber counts to the manufacturer or requesting that the manufacturer proposed additional distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or a number of taggant fiber counts; if the determination of step 1306 is no, then performing step 1308, assigning the proposed distinct features, combinations of distinct features, taggant fiber counts, and/or a number of taggant fiber counts to the manufacturer; and step 1310, providing confirmation of assignment to the manufacturer.

FIG. 14 illustrates an additional non-limiting example of a process for embedding supply chain information into fibers, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. The illustrated process comprises step 1402, obtaining standard fibers; step 1404, identifying one or more chemical markers and/or taggant chemical marker amounts representative of at least one component of the supply chain; step 1406, obtaining identification fibers that include the one or more chemical markers and/or taggant chemical marker amounts; step 1408, combining the standard fibers and the identification fibers to form fibers and/or a fiber product; and step 1410, providing fibers and/or the fiber product to a customer.

FIG. 15 illustrates an additional non-limiting example of a process for generating correlation data, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. For example, as described in FIG. 15, manufacturer 510 (and additionally or alternatively, laboratory 560) may perform step 1502 by generating a first structured list of the supply chain components having one or more corresponding attributes, and may perform step 1504 by generating a second structured list of chemical markers available for inclusion within identification fibers. In some aspects, manufacturer 510 may perform step 1506 by identifying one or more taggant chemical marker amounts that are available and appropriate for inclusion within the identification fibers (e.g., as selected from an assigned number of taggant chemical marker amounts for the available chemical markers), and may perform step 1508 by generating a third structured list of combinations of the chemical markers included in the first structured list and the one or more taggant chemical marker amounts. Manufacturer 510 may also perform steps 1510 and 1512 by mapping (i) elements of the first structured list to elements of the second structured list and (ii) elements of the first structured list to elements of the third structured list. Manufacturer 510 may, in additional aspects, perform step 1514 by storing correlation data (e.g., in database 627) reflecting the mapping of the elements of the first and second structured lists and the mapping of the elements of the first and third structured lists.

FIG. 16 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for generating correlation data, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. For example, as described in FIG. 16, manufacturer 510 (and additionally or alternatively, laboratory 560) may perform step 1602 by generating a first structured list of the supply chain components having one or more corresponding attributes, and may perform step 1604 by generating a second structured list of chemical markers available for inclusion within identification fibers. In some aspects, manufacturer 510 may perform step 1606 by generating a third structured list identifying numbers of taggant chemical marker amounts (e.g., of the available chemical markers) that are capable of representing the supply chain components included within the first structured list. Manufacturer 510 may also perform steps 1608 and 1610 by mapping (i) elements of the first structured list to elements of the second structured list and (ii) elements of the first structured list to elements of the third structured list. Manufacturer 510 may, in additional aspects, perform step 1612 by storing correlation data (e.g., in database 627) reflecting the mapping of the elements of the first and second structured lists and the mapping of the elements of the first and third structured lists.

FIG. 17 illustrates an additional non-limiting example of a process for producing identification fibers, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. The illustrated process comprises step 1702, receiving indication of one or more supply chain information components to reflect in identification fibers; step 1704, accessing database storing correlation data mapping chemical markers and/or taggant chemical marker amounts to supply chain information components; step 1706 identifying chemical markers and/or taggant chemical marker amounts associated with one or more supply chain information components; step 1708, choosing manufacturing method(s) associated with producing identification fibers with identified chemical markers and/or taggant chemical marker amounts; and step 1710, producing identification fibers according to manufacturing method(s).

FIG. 18 illustrates an additional non-limiting example of a process for identifying at least one supply chain component associated with a fiber sample, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. The illustrated process comprises step 1802, receiving request to identify supply chain information associated with a fiber sample; step 1804, analyzing the fiber sample for identification fibers including one or more chemical markers; step 1806, identifying the one or more chemical markers and/or taggant chemical marker amounts; step 1808, accessing a database storing correlation data mapping supply chain components to the identified chemical markers and/or taggant chemical marker amounts; step 1810 identifying at least one component of supply chain information based on the correlation data and the identified chemical markers and/or taggant chemical marker amounts; step 1812, transmitting information identifying the at least one supply chain component to a requesting party.

FIG. 19 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for identifying chemical markers from identification fibers, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. The illustrated process comprises step 1902, selecting a solvent; step 1904, dissolving a fiber band from a sample in the solvent; step 1906 determining if there are undissolved fibers; if there are undissolved fibers performing step 1908, analyzing undissolved fibers for distinct feature(s) and/or observable chemical marker(s) and step 1910, dissolving portion(s) of undissolved fibers in one or more additional solvents; step 1912, characterizing each chemical marker present in the sample solution according to chosen analysis technique(s); step 1914, identifying the concentration of each chemical marker; step 1916, generating deconvoluted spectra based on characterizations and concentrations for chemical markers; step 1918, determining if multiple makers are present; if the determination of step 1918 is yes, then performing step 1920 extracting serial number from the deconvoluted spectrum; step 1922, determining if non-volatile compounds are present; if the determination of step 1922 is yes, them performing step 1924, identifying molecular constituents of non-volatile compounds present in the sample solution, and step 1926, determining the quantify of non-volatile components in the sample solution; and step 1928, identifying the chemical markers.

FIG. 20 illustrates a non-limiting example of a process for assigning, to supply chain components, combinations of chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or number of taggant chemical marker amounts that uniquely represent the supply chain components, as seen and described above with respect to disclosed embodiments. The illustrated process comprises step 2002, receiving proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical mareker amounts from a manufacturer; step 2004, accessing a data base storing chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical mareker amounts previously assigned to supply chain components; step 2006, determining if the proposed chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical mareker amounts are previously assigned; if the determination of step 2006 is yes, then performing step 2012, assigning alternate chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical mareker amounts to the manufacturer or requesting that the manufacturer proposed additional chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical mareker amounts; if the determination of step 2006 is no, then performing step 2008, assigning the chemical markers, taggant chemical marker amounts, and/or numbers of taggant chemical mareker amounts to the manufacturer; and step 2010, providing confirmation of assignment to the manufacturer.

Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the embodiments disclosed herein. It will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the disclosed embodiments. It is further intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the disclosed embodiments being indicated by the following claims.

Listed below are non-limiting embodiments A1-A28.

A1. Fibers comprising identification fibers, (a) wherein a portion of the identification fibers comprise 1 to 100, 1 to 50, 1 to 20, or 1 to 10 chemical markers, wherein an amount of each of the chemical markers, based on a weight of the fibers, is defined as a chemical marker amount, wherein at least one of the chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amount, and (b) wherein a portion of the identification fibers exhibits at least one distinct feature, wherein the identification fibers comprise one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or a same combination of the distinct features, wherein a number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count, wherein at least one of the fiber counts corresponds to a taggant fiber count, and (c) wherein (i) the chemical markers, (ii) the taggant chemical marker amounts, (iii) the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers, and (iv) the taggant fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the fibers.

A2. The fibers of embodiment A1, further comprising standard fibers, wherein the chemical marker amount of each of the chemical markers ranges from 1 ppb to 10,000 ppm, based on the weight of the fibers.

A3. The fibers of any of embodiments A1 or A2, wherein the chemical markers comprise 1 to 50, 1 to 25, or 1 to 10 taggant non-volatile organic compounds or 1 to 50, 1 to 25, or 1 to 10 taggant polymeric additives, wherein a number of the taggant marker amounts for each of the chemical markers ranges from 1 to 25, 1 to 10, or 1 to 5 wherein of the distinct features comprise 1 to 20, 1 to 10, or 1 to 5 taggant cross-section shapes, 1 to 20, 1 to 10, or 1 to 5 taggant cross-section sizes, or 1 to 20, 1 to 10, or 1 to 5 taggant optical properties, and a number of the taggant fiber counts for each group of the distinguishable identification fibers ranges from 1 to 10, 1 to 5 or 1 to 3.

A4. The fibers of embodiment A3, wherein the taggant nonvolatile organic compounds comprise lauric acid, palmitic acid, or stearic acid; or wherein the taggant polymeric additives comprise polystyrene having an average molecular weight of 500 to 100,000.

A5. The fibers of any of embodiments A1-A4, wherein each of the chemical marker amounts ranges from 500 ppb to 5,000 ppm, based on the weight of the fibers.

A6. The fibers of any of embodiments A3-A5, wherein the identification fibers comprise reference fibers, wherein the reference fibers exhibit a reference cross-section size and a reference cross-section shape, wherein a ratio of each of the taggant cross-section sizes to the reference cross-section size ranges from 20:1 to 1:20, and wherein the reference cross-section size and the taggant cross-section sizes are determined based upon an effective diameter.

A7. The fibers of any of embodiments A1-A6, wherein the identification fibers comprise acrylic, modacrylic, aramid, nylon, polyester, polypropylene, rayon, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene, PTFE, or cellulose acetate.

A8. The fibers of any of embodiments A2-A7, wherein the standard fibers comprise cellulose acetate.

A9. The fibers of any of embodiments A3-A8, wherein a portion of the identification fibers comprise a compound selected from the group consisting of CHROMOPHTAL Red 2030 (CAS No. 84632-65-5), Copper Phthalocyanine (CAS No. 147-14-8), FD&C Yellow Lake No. 5 (CAS No. 12225-21-7), anatase titanium dioxide, rutile titanium dioxide, and mixed-phase titanium dioxide, whereby the taggant optical properties are exhibited.

A10. The fibers of any of embodiments A2-A9, wherein the at least one supply chain component comprises at least one of a manufacturer of the standard fibers, a manufacture site of the standard fibers, a manufacturing line of the standard fibers, a production run of the standard fibers, a production date of the standard fibers, a package of the standard fibers, a warehouse of the standard fibers, a customer of the standard fibers, a ship-to location of the standard fibers; a manufacturer of a fiber band comprising the fibers, a manufacturing site of the fiber band, a manufacturing line of the fiber band, a production run of the fiber band, a production date of the fiber band, a package of the fiber band, a warehouse of the fiber band, a customer of the fiber band, a ship-to location of the fiber band; a manufacturer of an article comprising the fibers, a manufacture site of the article, a manufacturing line of the article, a production run of the article, a production date of the article, a package of the article, a warehouse of the article, a customer of the article, or a ship-to location of the article.

A11. An acetate tow band comprising the fibers of any of the embodiments A1-A10, wherein the fibers comprise cellulose acetate, or an acetate tow band comprising the fibers of any of the embodiments A2-A10, wherein the standard fibers comprise cellulose acetate.

A12. A method of making an acetate tow band comprising any of the fibers of embodiments A2-A10, wherein the method comprises: (a) obtaining the identification fibers; (b) producing the standard fibers on a first fiber production process; and (c) combining the identification fibers and the standard fibers into the acetate tow band.

A13. The method of embodiment A12, wherein the obtaining of the identification fibers comprises at least one of (i) producing a portion of the identification fibers on the first fiber production process, (ii) producing a portion of the identification fibers on a second fiber production process, or (iii) receiving at least a portion of the identification fibers from a third party.

A14. The method of embodiment A13, wherein one or more of the chemical markers is added to a spinning solution upstream of the first fiber production process, at a spinning cabinet contained within the first fiber production process, or at an individual spinneret contained within the spinning cabinet.

A15. The method of any of embodiments A13 or A14, wherein one or more of the chemical markers are applied to a portion of the identification fibers at any point before the combining of the standard fibers and identification fibers into the acetate tow band.

A16. The method of any of embodiments A13-A15, wherein the method further comprises adding a compound to a spinning solution used to produce a portion of the identification fibers, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of CHROMOPHTAL® Red 2030 (CAS No. 84632-65-5), Copper Phthalocyanine (CAS No. 147-14-8), FD&C Yellow Lake No. 5 (CAS No. 12225-21-7), anatase titanium dioxide, rutile titanium dioxide, and mixed-phase titanium dioxide, whereby the taggant optical properties are exhibited.

A17. The method of any of embodiments A13-A15, wherein the identification fibers exhibiting taggant cross-section shapes or taggant cross-section sizes are produced using distinguishable spinneret holes, each group of the distinguishable spinneret holes being formed by spinneret holes having the same distinguishable spinneret hole geometry, wherein each group of the distinguishable identification fibers exhibiting taggant cross-section shapes or taggant cross-section sizes are produced using a corresponding group of the distinguishable spinneret holes.

A18. The method of embodiment A17, wherein all of the distinguishable spinneret holes are contained in a single spinneret.

A19. The method of any of embodiments A13-A18, wherein the identification fibers comprise one or more taggant surface markings and the taggant surface markings are produced using noncontact equipment and wherein the noncontact equipment comprises use of laser, microwave, ultraviolet, x-ray electromagnetic radiation, or printer.

A20. A method for characterizing a fiber sample, wherein the fiber sample comprises any of the fibers of embodiments A1-A10 or the acetate tow band of embodiment A11, wherein the method comprises: chemical analysis comprising (1) dissolving a portion of the fiber sample in a solvent to produce a sample solution and/or insolubles; (2) analyzing the sample solution and/or the insoluble to identify the chemical markers; and image analysis comprising (1) applying imaging technology to the fiber sample, (2) detecting the groups of the distinguishable identification fibers, and (3) counting a number of each of the distinguishable identification fibers, wherein an amount of each of the chemical markers, based on a weight of the fibers, is defined as a chemical marker amount, wherein at least one of the chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amount, wherein the number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count, wherein at least one of the fiber counts corresponds to a taggant fiber count, and wherein (i) the chemical markers, (ii) the taggant chemical marker amounts, (iii) the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers, and (iv) the taggant fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the fiber sample.

A21. The method of embodiment A20, wherein the solvent comprises acetone, tetrahydrofuran, dichloromethane, methanol, chloroform, dioxane, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, nitric acid or pyridine.

A22. The method of any of embodiments A20 or A21, wherein the analyzing comprises a use of chromatography, mass spectrometry, spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, or x-ray diffraction.

A23. The method of any of embodiments A20-A22, wherein the analyzing comprises a use of gas chromatography coupled to flame ionization detection, size exclusion chromatography followed by UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) followed by mass spectrometry, or ICP followed by optical emission spectrometry.

A24. The method of any of embodiments A20-A23, wherein the imaging technology is selected from the group consisting of human visual inspection, microscopy, electron microscopy, confocal microscopy, florescence microscopy, and optical scanning.

A25. The method of any of embodiments A20-A24, further comprising, (a) correlating one or more of the chemical markers, the taggant chemical marker amounts, the distinct features in each group of distinguishable identification fibers, and the fiber counts to a database, wherein the database comprises manufacturer-specific taggants; and (b) determining the at least one supply chain component of the fiber sample, wherein the at least one supply chain component comprises a manufacturer of the fibers, a manufacture site of the fibers, a manufacturing line of the fibers, a production run of the fibers, a production date of the fibers, a package of the fibers, a warehouse of the fibers, a customer of the fibers, a ship-to location of the fibers, a manufacturer of a fiber band comprising the fibers, a manufacturing site of the fiber band, a manufacturing line of the fiber band, a production run of the fiber band, a production date of the fiber band, a package of the fiber band, a warehouse of the fiber band, a customer of the fiber band, or a ship-to location of the fiber band.

A26. The method of any of embodiments A20-A24, wherein the fiber sample comprises the acetate tow band or a filter comprising the acetate tow band, wherein the method further comprises, (a) correlating one or more of the chemical markers, the taggant chemical marker amounts, the distinct features in each group of distinguishable identification fibers, and the fiber counts to a database, wherein the database comprises manufacturer specific taggants; and (b) determining the at least one supply chain component of the fiber sample, wherein the at least one supply chain component comprises a manufacturer of the acetate tow band, a manufacture site of the acetate tow band, a manufacturing line of the acetate tow band, a production run of the acetate tow band, a production date of the acetate tow band, a package of the acetate tow band, a warehouse of the acetate tow band, a customer of the acetate tow band, a ship-to location of the acetate tow band.

A27. The method of embodiment A26, wherein the at least one supply chain component comprises the manufacturer of the acetate tow band and the customer of the acetate tow band.

A28. The method of embodiment A26, wherein the at least one supply chain component comprises the manufacturer of the acetate tow band and the ship-to location of the acetate tow band.

EXAMPLES

Eastman™ Cellulose Acetate for fibers (CA-394-60S) was obtained from Eastman Chemical Company. Acetone (99.7%) was purchased from J.T. Baker. Cesium(I) nitrate (99.9%), indium(III) chloride tetrahytdrate (97%) & samarium(III) chloride hexahydrate (99%) lauric acid (99%), palmitic acid (98%) and stearic acid (97%) methyl laurate (99%), methyl palmitate (99%), methyl stearate (99%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Low polydispersity polystyrene standards with molecular weights of 70,600, 28,500 and 2,400 were purchased from Polymer Laboratories LTD. All materials were used as received. A set of alkyl ligated, Cd/Se ZnS alloyed quantum dots, with emission wavelengths of 490λ, 535λ, 575λ, 630λ & 665λ were purchased from Sigma Aldrich and sourced from Cytodiagnostics Inc. Each 1 mL sample was received as a 1 mg/mL solution and kept under refrigeration until use.

In all of the tables below, spike concentration in ppm is calculated based upon the measured amounts of chemical marker added to the measured amount of cellulose acetate. Recovered concentration in ppm is based upon analytical measurement.

Analytical Methods

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)—Metal concentrations were measured using an Elan 6100 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer ICP-MS (Perkin Elmer Corp, Norwalk, Conn.). Sample digestion was performed using an UltraWAVE Single Reaction Chamber (SRC) (Milestone, Shelton Conn.) or bulk digestions in HNO₃ on a hotplate. Samples were prepared by weighing ˜0.25 g into a cleaned quartz tube, 4 ml HNO₃ was then added and the tube was capped and digested using a preprogrammed set of conditions. Bulk digestion was carried out on a 1 gram film sample, transferred into a 150 mL quartz beaker to which 10 mL of HNO₃ acid was added and heated on a hot plate for 2 hrs at 200° C. or until the sample had completely digested. Once digested the sample was quantitatively transferred to a 100 mL volumetric flask and diluted with HNO₃. Samples were then quantitatively transferred to a 25 mL volumetric flask using Millipore water. A Rubidium internal standard was added and the samples were analyzed by ICP-MS. The ICP-MS was calibrated at 5 part per billion using matrix matched standards prepared from certified calibration standards purchased from High Purity Standards (Charleston, S.C.). The calibrated masses were samarium—151.92, cesium—132.905 and indium—114.904.

Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detection (GC-FID)—The concentration of taggant fatty acid in cellulose acetate (CA) was determined via an internal standard-based, gas chromatography method. A Shimadzu 2010 gas chromatograph with CombiPAL autosampler and flame ionization detector (FID) was utilized; a DB-5 (30 m×0.32 mm×0.25 μm) capillary column was used. Samples were prepared by weighing ˜0.05 g of tagged CA into a 2 mL glass GC vial; 500 μL of internal standard solution (0.1% (w/v) dodecane in pyridine) was then added to the vial using an eVol digital pipette equipped with a 500 μL tip. Samples were then heated at 80° C. for ten minutes. After heating, 1.00 mL of N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) was added to derivatize the fatty acid taggant. Samples were heated at 80° C. for five minutes, vortexed, then heated at 80° C. for 25 minutes. The samples were subsequently centrifuged at 5,000 rpm for 10 minutes (VWR Clinical 200); the supernatant was subsequently transferred to a second GC vial containing a 300 μL glass insert.

Gel Permeation Chromatography with UV Detection—An Agilent series 1100 liquid chromatographic instrument was used. The instrument consists of a degasser, an isocratic pump, an auto-sampler, a column oven, a refractive index detector and a UV/VIS detector. The column set consisted of Agilent PLgel 5 micron guard, Mixed-C and Oligopore columns in series. The solvent used to dissolve the samples and as the eluent for the system was stabilized tetrahydrofuran. The flow rate for the system was set at 1.0 ml/min. The auto-sampler used an injection volume of 50 μl. The column oven was set at 30° C. The refractive index detector was set at 30° C. The UV/VIS detector was set at 260 nm for detection purposes. The instrument was calibrated using a set of 14 mono-disperse polystyrene standards ranging from 3,220,000 to 580 molecular weight and a 162 molecular weight phenyl hexane.

Fluorescence Spectroscopy—All samples were stored in a dark refrigerator until the spectra were acquired. The fluorescence spectra were collected using a Horiba Fluorolog®-3-22 Spectrofluorometer. Samples were placed in quartz fluorescence cells and excited at 295 nm with the emission recorded from 200 nm to 800 nm. All slits were set to 1 nm and a 0.1 s integration time was used. All data is reported normalized by the lamp intensity at the time of measurement in CPS/microamps.

Example 1

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with cellulose acetate (1.00 g) followed by HPLC grade acetone (11.38 mL) to give a mixture 10% (w/w) in solids. 100 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of cesium (I) nitrate (0.68 mg/mL in cesium), prepared in a 9:1 acetone/water solution, and was added to the mixture to give a dope that was 68 ppm in cesium based on total solids. The vial was then placed on a continuous roller for a minimum of 16 hours or until a homogenous dope was formed. The dope was then poured into labeled culture dish bottoms (100 mm×20 mm) set in a transparent container with a cover. The solvent was allowed to slowly evaporate under cover for 5 hrs. The cover was then removed and the samples allowed to dry further under the draft of the fume hood for 1 hr. The samples were then removed from the dishes and submitted for ICP-MS analysis. The calculated spiked concentration of cesium, the measured concentration of cesium and the % Recovery calculated as the percent measured divided by spiked are given in Table 1. All metal concentrations are based on metal alone.

Examples 2-5

Example 1 was repeated to prepare four additional films, by linearly increasing the concentration by a factor of two in each film. The results are summarized in Table 1.

Example 6

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with cellulose acetate (1.00 g) followed by HPLC grade acetone (11.38 mL) to give a mixture 10% (w/w) in solids. 100 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of indium(III) chloride tetrahydrate (0.39 mg/mL in indium), prepared in a 9:1 acetone/water solution, and was added to the mixture to give a dope that was 39 ppm in Indium based on total solids. The vial was then placed on a continuous roller for a minimum of 16 hours or until a homogenous dope was formed. The dope was then poured into labeled culture dish bottoms (100 mm×20 mm) set in a transparent container with a cover. The solvent was allowed to slowly evaporate under cover for 5 hrs. The cover was then removed and the samples allowed to further dry under the draft of the fume hood for 1 hr. The samples were then removed from the dishes and submitted for ICP-MS analysis. The calculated spiked concentration of indium, the measured concentration of indium, and the % Recovery calculated as the percent measured divided by spiked are given in Table 1.

Examples 7-10

Example 6 was repeated to prepare four additional films, by linearly increasing the concentration by a factor of two in each film. The results are summarized in Table 1 including the spiked and recovered amounts and percent recovery.

Example 11

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with cellulose acetate (1.00 g) followed by HPLC grade acetone (11.38 mL) to give a mixture 10% (w/w) in solids. 100 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of samarium(III) chloride hexahydrate (0.41 mg/mL in samarium), prepared in a 9:1 acetone/water solution, and was added to the mixture to give a dope that was 41 ppm in samarium based on total solids. The vial was then placed on a continuous roller for a minimum of 16 hours or until a homogenous dope was formed. The dope was then poured into labeled culture dish bottoms (100 mm×20 mm) set in a transparent container with a cover. The solvent was allowed to slowly evaporate under cover for 5 hrs. The cover was then removed and the samples allowed to further dry under the draft of the fume hood for 1 hr. The samples were then removed from the dishes and submitted for ICP-MS analysis. The calculated spiked concentration of samarium, the measured concentration of samarium and the % Recovery calculated as the percent measured divided by spiked are given in Table 1.

Examples 12-15

Example 11 was repeated to prepare four additional films, by linearly increasing the concentration by a factor of two in each film. The results are summarized in Table 1.

TABLE 1 Examples of Metal Recovered Cellulose Acetate Films Spiked Recovered Example Metal Conc. (ppm) Conc. (ppm) % Recovery 1 Cesium 68 54 79 2 Cesium 136 109 80 3 Cesium 204 169 83 4 Cesium 272 265 97 5 Cesium 340 285 84 6 Indium 39 30 77 7 Indium 78 65 83 8 Indium 117 96 82 9 Indium 156 129 83 10 Indium 195 166 85 11 Samarium 41 35 85 12 Samarium 82 63 77 13 Samarium 123 96 78 14 Samarium 164 140 85 15 Samarium 205 175 85

Example 16

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with cellulose acetate (1.00 g) followed by HPLC grade acetone (11.38 mL) to give a mixture 10% (w/w) in solids. 300 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of samarium(III) chloride hexahydrate (0.41 mg/mL in samarium) stock solution, 100 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of cesium(I) nitrate (0.68 mg/mL in cesium) stock solution and 200 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of indium(III) chloride tetrahydrate (0.39 mg/mL in Indium) was added to the mixture to give a dope that was 123 ppm in samarium, 68 ppm in cesium, and 78 ppm in indium, respectively, based on polymer solids. The vial was then placed on a continuous roller for a minimum of 16 hours or until a homogenous dope was formed. The dope was then poured into labeled culture dish bottoms (100 mm×20 mm) set in a transparent container with a cover. The solvent was allowed to slowly evaporate under cover for 5 hrs. The cover was then removed and the samples allowed to further dry under the draft of the fume hood for 1 hr. The samples were then removed from the dishes and submitted for ICP-MS analysis. The calculated spiked concentration of samarium, cesium and indium, the measured concentration of samarium, cesium and indium, and the % Recovery calculated as the percent measured divided by spiked are given in Table 2.

Examples 17-19

Example 16 was repeated to prepare three additional films with varying amounts of each metal. The results are summarized in Table 2.

TABLE 2 Examples of Cellulose Acetate Films Containing Multiple Metals Spiked Conc. (ppm) Recovered Conc. (ppm) Example Samarium Cesium Indium Samarium Cesium Indium 16 123 68 78 107 56 66 17 82 272 117 66 232 103 18 41 204 195 33 167 168 19 205 136 156 178 113 140

Examples 16-19 demonstrate that metal salts can be used as chemical taggants and that different amounts of the metal salts can be detected and use in a code for tracking and tracing material through the supply chain.

Example 20

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with cellulose acetate (1.00 g) followed by HPLC grade acetone (11.38 mL) to give a mixture 10% (w/w) in solids. 100 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of lauric acid, prepared in acetone, was added to the mixture to give a dope that was 100 ppm in lauric acid based on total solids. GC analysis of this stock solution reported the true concentration to be 0.908 g/mL. The vial was then placed on a continuous roller for a minimum of 16 hours or until a homogenous dope was formed. The dope was then poured into labeled culture dish bottoms (100 mm×20 mm) set in a transparent container with a cover. The solvent was allowed to slowly evaporate under cover for 5 hrs. The cover was then removed and the samples allowed to dry further under the draft of the fume hood for 1 hr. The samples were then removed from the dishes and submitted for GC-FID analysis. All samples were prepared in duplicate. The levels of chemical taggant are reported as the average value with error bars corresponding to (+/−) one standard deviation.

Examples 21-24

Example 20 was repeated to prepare four additional films, by linearly increasing the concentration in increments of 100 ppm in each film. The results are summarized in Table 3.

Example 25

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with cellulose acetate (1.00 g) followed by HPLC grade acetone (11.38 mL) to give a mixture 10% (w/w) in solids. 100 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of palmitic acid, prepared in acetone, was added to the mixture to give a dope that was 100 ppm in palmitic acid based on total solids. GC analysis of this stock solution reported the true concentration to be 1.10 g/mL. The vial was then placed on a continuous roller for a minimum of 16 hours or until a homogenous dope was formed. The dope was then poured into labeled culture dish bottoms (100 mm×20 mm) set in a transparent container with a cover. The solvent was allowed to slowly evaporate under cover for 5 hrs. The cover was then removed and the samples allowed to dry further under the draft of the fume hood for 1 hr. The samples were then removed from the dishes and submitted for GC-FID analysis. All samples were prepared in duplicate and the results are given in Table 3.

Examples 26-29

Example 25 was repeated to prepare four additional films, by linearly increasing the concentration in increments of 100 ppm in each film. The results are summarized in Table 3.

Example 30

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with cellulose acetate (1.00 g) followed by HPLC grade acetone (11.38 mL) to give a mixture 10% (w/w) in solids. 100 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of stearic acid, prepared in acetone, was added to the mixture to give a dope that was 100 ppm in stearic acid based on total solids. GC analysis of this stock solution reported the true concentration to be 0.888 g/mL. The vial was then placed on a continuous roller for a minimum of 16 hours or until a homogenous dope was formed. The dope was then poured into labeled culture dish bottoms (100 mm×20 mm) set in a transparent container with a cover. The solvent was allowed to slowly evaporate under cover for 5 hrs. The cover was then removed and the samples allowed to dry further under the draft of the fume hood for 1 hr. The samples were then removed from the dishes and submitted for GC-FID analysis. All samples were prepared in duplicate and the results are given in Table 3.

Examples 31-34

Example 30 was repeated to prepare four additional films, by linearly increasing the concentration in increments of 100 ppm in each film. The results are summarized in Table 3 including the spiked and recovered concentration of stearic acid and percent recovery.

TABLE 3 Examples of Fatty Acid Spiked Cellulose Acetate Films Duplicate Samples Spiked Recovered Recovered Fatty Conc. Conc. Conc. Average Example Acid (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) % Recovery 20 Lauric 91 71 91 81 21 Lauric 182 173 172 86 22 Lauric 272 275 263 90 23 Lauric 363 361 376 92 24 Lauric 454 450 464 91 25 Palmitic 110 111 101 106 26 Palmitic 220 212 213 106 27 Palmitic 330 337 323 110 28 Palmitic 440 462 424 110 29 Palmitic 550 630 536 116 30 Stearic 89 91 100 96 31 Stearic 178 180 233 103 32 Stearic 266 270 274 91 33 Stearic 355 365 371 92 34 Stearic 444 449 435 88

Examples 35-38

The procedure of Example 20 was repeated to prepare four additional films, comprising varying concentrations of lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid. The results are summarized in Table 4 including the spiked and recovered concentrations of each fatty acid and percent recovery.

TABLE 4 Examples of Cellulose Acetate Films Containing Multiple Fatty Acids Duplicate Samples Spiked Conc. (ppm) Recovered Conc. (ppm) Recovered Conc. (ppm) Average % Recovery Example Lauric Palmitic Stearic Lauric Palmitic Stearic Lauric Palmitic Stearic Lauric Palmitic Stearic 35 182 330 444 162 294 385 171 302 413 92 90 90 36 363 330 178 327 286 164 326 305 163 90 90 92 37 272 550 89 251 513 90 253 535 91 93 95 102 38 454 220 355 425 212 334 478 229 374 99 100 100

Example 39

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with cellulose acetate (1.00 g) followed by HPLC grade acetone (11.38 mL) to give a mixture 10% (w/w) in solids. 100 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of methyl laurate, prepared in acetone, was added to the mixture to give a dope that was 100 ppm in methyl laurate based on total solids. GC analysis of this stock solution reported the true concentration to be 1.22 g/mL. The vial was then placed on a continuous roller for a minimum of 16 hours or until a homogenous dope was formed. The dope was then poured into labeled culture dish bottoms (100 mm×20 mm) set in a transparent container with a cover. The solvent was allowed to slowly evaporate under cover for 5 hrs. The cover was then removed and the samples allowed to dry further under the draft of the fume hood for 1 hr. The samples were then removed from the dishes and submitted for GC-FID analysis. All samples were prepared in duplicate and the results are summarized in Table 5.

Examples 40-43

Example 39 was repeated to prepare four additional films, by linearly increasing the concentration in increments of 100 ppm in each film. The results are summarized in Table 5.

Example 44

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with cellulose acetate (1.00 g) followed by HPLC grade acetone (11.38 mL) to give a mixture 10% (w/w) in solids. 100 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of methyl palmitate, prepared in acetone, was added to the mixture to give a dope that was 100 ppm in methyl palmitate based on total solids. GC analysis of this stock solution reported the true concentration to be 1.37 g/mL. The vial was then placed on a continuous roller for a minimum of 16 hours or until a homogenous dope was formed. The dope was then poured into labeled culture dish bottoms (100 mm×20 mm) set in a transparent container with a cover. The solvent was allowed to slowly evaporate under cover for 5 hrs. The cover was then removed and the samples allowed to dry further under the draft of the fume hood for 1 hr. The samples were then removed from the dishes and submitted for GC-FID analysis. All samples were prepared in duplicate. The results are summarized in Table 5.

Examples 45-48

Example 44 was repeated to prepare four additional films, by linearly increasing the concentration in increments of 100 ppm in each film. The results are summarized in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Examples of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Recovered Film Samples Duplicate Samples Spiked Recovered Recovered Sam- Conc. Conc. Conc. Average % ple FAME (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Recovery 39 Methyl Laurate 122 95 93 77 40 Methyl Laurate 244 173 185 73 41 Methyl Laurate 366 293 277 77 42 Methyl Laurate 488 401 390 81 43 Methyl Laurate 610 477 489 79 44 Methyl Palmitate 133 108 110 81 45 Methyl Palmitate 266 208 232 82 46 Methyl Palmitate 399 334 354 86 47 Methyl Palmitate 532 452 425 82 48 Methyl Palmitate 665 553 575 84

The fatty acid methyl ester average percent recovery was lower than what was seen in the fatty acids. As only a part of each film was digested and tested, dope samples were made and tested directly to rule out variability in concentration throughout the film.

Example 49

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with cellulose acetate (1.00 g) followed by HPLC grade acetone (11.38 mL) to give a mixture 10% (w/w) in solids. 100 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of methyl palmitate, prepared in acetone, was added to the mixture to give a dope that was 100 ppm in methyl palmitate based on total solids. GC analysis of this stock solution reported the true concentration to be 1.33 g/mL. The vial was then placed on a continuous roller for a minimum of 16 hours or until a homogenous dope was formed. The samples were then submitted for GC-FID analysis. All samples were prepared in duplicate and the results are summarized in Table 6.

Examples 50-53

Example 49 was repeated to prepare four additional dopes, by linearly increasing the concentration in increments of 100 ppm in each dope. The results are summarized in Table 6.

Example 54

A 20 mL scintillation vial was charged with cellulose acetate (1.00 g) followed by HPLC grade acetone (11.38 mL) to give a mixture 10% (w/w) in solids. 100 μL of a 1.0 mg/mL stock solution of methyl stearate, prepared in acetone, was added to the mixture to give a dope that was 100 ppm in methyl stearate based on total solids. GC analysis of this stock solution reported the true concentration to be 1.03 g/mL. The vial was then placed on a continuous roller for a minimum of 16 hours or until a homogenous dope was formed. The samples were then submitted for GC-FID analysis. All samples were prepared in duplicate and the results are summarized in Table 6.

Examples 55-58

Example 54 was repeated to prepare four additional dopes, by linearly increasing the concentration in increments of 100 ppm in each dope. The results are summarized in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Examples of Fatty Acid Methyl Ester Recovered Dope Samples Duplicate Samples Spiked Recovered Recovered Sam- Conc. Conc. Conc. Average % ple FAME (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Recovery 49 Methyl Palmitate 10 7 7 68 50 Methyl Palmitate 20 17 15 82 51 Methyl Palmitate 29 31 30 105 52 Methyl Palmitate 39 38 39 98 53 Methyl Palmitate 48 48 51 103 54 Methyl Stearate 10 12 12 121 55 Methyl Stearate 20 20 19 98 56 Methyl Stearate 29 27 30 98 57 Methyl Stearate 39 40 40 102 58 Methyl Stearate 48 48 45 97

Pilot scale evaluations of methyl laurate, methyl palmitate, and methyl stearate were conducted in a similar manner as the fatty acid examples described below. The recovery of the fatty acid methyl esters was far below expectation. Without being bound by any theory, we hypothesize that the fatty acid methyl esters were poorly compatible with the CA polymer and had a greater affinity for the evaporating acetone during spinning, despite their relatively high boiling points and low vapor pressures. No further work on the fatty acid methyl esters as chemical markers for inclusion with cellulose acetate was performed.

Pilot Scale Evaluation of Fatty Acids as Chemical Taggants

Fatty acids were used to produce a series of tagged cellulose acetate threads on pilot plant equipment, each production run made 1,700 denier threads. The spooled threads, containing known concentrations of each fatty acid, were then combined in a modular fashion with cellulose acetate threads without any fatty acid, to produce an encoded cellulose acetate tow band having a denier of 34,000. The band of acetate tow was then formed into filter rods using industry standard equipment with the addition of a plasticizer common to the industry.

The taggant threads were made by first preparing a cellulose acetate dope concentrate that contained 907 g of fatty acid, cellulose acetate, a pigment (Copper Phthalocyanine, CAS No. 147-14-8) to aid in tracking of the additive dope through the process and acetone, to create a dope containing 28.3% solids. This dope concentrate had a target concentration of 51819 ppm in fatty acid. This dope concentrate was then metered into virgin cellulose acetate dope through a controlled additive system and homogenized using an in-line mixing system. The mixed dope was then fed through a spinning cabinet and treated with lubricant, familiar to those skilled in the art and the resultant thread collected onto spools. The system was purged with virgin cellulose acetate dope before moving to the subsequent taggant mixture. The target concentration of fatty acid in the tagged thread was 4000 ppm. Approximately 15-20 spools of thread were generated during the spinning of a single taggant batch. Three sets of tagged spools were made in this fashion that contained lauric, palmitic and stearic acids.

Examples 59-109

To ensure uniformity of the taggant concentration along the length of the thread, samples were removed from each spool in each set of fatty acid threads and analyzed via GC using FID detection as previous described. The order of the examples does not represent the order in which each spool was produced. The results are summarized in Table 7 including individual and global taggant averages, standard deviations and percent relative standard deviations.

TABLE 7 Examples of Fatty Acid Recovered Cellulose Acetate Thread Fatty Example Acid Recovered Conc. (ppm) 59 Lauric 4002 Average 4230 60 Lauric 3685 STDEV 195 61 Lauric 4249 % RSD 4.61 62 Lauric 4321 % Recovery 105.75 63 Lauric 4216 64 Lauric 4444 65 Lauric 4120 66 Lauric 4076 67 Lauric 4344 68 Lauric 4513 69 Lauric 4366 70 Lauric 4399 71 Lauric 4129 72 Lauric 4200 73 Lauric 4277 74 Lauric 4212 75 Lauric 4356 76 Palmitic 4455 Average 4215 77 Palmitic 4177 STDEV 236 78 Palmitic 4464 % RSD 5.60 79 Palmitic 4424 % Recovery 105.38 80 Palmitic 4442 81 Palmitic 4120 82 Palmitic 4010 83 Palmitic 4231 84 Palmitic 4434 85 Palmitic 4430 86 Palmitic 4194 87 Palmitic 3700 88 Palmitic  1636* 89 Palmitic 4145 90 Palmitic 4197 91 Palmitic 4256 92 Palmitic 3766 93 Stearic 4305 Average 4085 94 Stearic 4435 STDEV 166 95 Stearic 4267 % RSD 4.08 96 Stearic 4004 % Recovery 102.13 97 Stearic 4102 98 Stearic 3990 99 Stearic 4143 100 Stearic 4174 101 Stearic 4077 102 Stearic 4100 103 Stearic 4223 104 Stearic 3895 105 Stearic 3910 106 Stearic 4098 107 Stearic 3925 108 Stearic 4013 109 Stearic 3777 Global 4151 Average Global STDEV 196 Global % RSD 4.72 Global 103.78 % Recovery *Example 88 is believed to represent an anomaly where system contamination from the previous fatty acid in the mixing system had occurred. This data point was excluded from the statistical treatment since this type of error was a result of a correctable system contamination and not a reflection of the method reliability.

Tagged spools, in addition to un-tagged spools, were then loaded onto a device to allow the pilot-scale manufacture of a band of acetate tow. Through the addition or subtraction of a defined number of spools of a particular taggant type, the final concentration and taggant makeup in the tow band could be altered. The collected tow band was pressed into a bale and subsequently used in the manufacture of the filter rods. The filter rods were made on AF2/KDF2 plugmaker at 400 m/min. The filter rod length was 120 mm and circumference was 24.4 mm. Samples from the manufactured filter rods were prepared for GC analysis in the same manner as previously described. Each of the examples below represent analysis of a single filter rod from the batch of filter rods produced, taken in no particular order. The code notation for the filter rod samples correspond to the spike concentration (ppm), in the filter rod and based on the weight of cellulose acetate, of each fatty acid in the order, lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid.

Examples 110-127

The spike concentration for lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid in Examples 110-127 were 1000-000-000. The results are summarized in Table 8.

TABLE 8 Examples of Fatty Acid Encoded Cellulose Acetate Filter Rods (Code 1000-000-000) Recovered Conc. (ppm) Example Lauric Acid Palmitic Acid Stearic Acid 110 935 0 0 111 1042 0 0 112 956 0 0 113 926 0 0 114 1127 0 0 115 952 0 0 116 1078 0 0 117 969 0 0 118 948 0 0 119 1042 0 0 120 1153 0 0 121 1121 0 0 122 1162 0 0 123 1140 0 0 124 1167 0 0 125 1177 0 0 126 1174 0 0 127 1128 0 0 Average 1066 0 0 Std. Dev. 92 0 0 Average % Recovery 107 N/A N/A

Examples 128-145

The spike concentration for lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid in Examples 128-145 were 000-1000-000. Filter rods were prepared in the same manner as described above. The results are summarized in Table 9.

TABLE 9 Examples of Fatty Acid Encoded Cellulose Acetate Filter Rods (Code 000-1000-000) Recovered Conc. (ppm) Example Lauric Acid Palmitic Acid Stearic Acid 128 0 1083 0 129 0 848 0 130 0 1112 0 131 0 1060 0 132 0 813 0 133 0 846 0 134 0 1042 0 135 0 1011 0 136 0 965 0 137 0 903 0 138 0 1142 0 139 0 1207 0 140 0 1140 0 141 0 1333 0 142 0 1046 0 143 0 1123 0 144 0 1028 0 145 0 1114 0 Average 0 1045 0 Std. Dev. 0 130 0 Average % Recovery N/A 105 N/A

Examples 146-163

The spike concentration for lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid in Examples 146-163 were 000-000-1000. Filter rods were prepared in the same manner as described above. The results are summarized in Table 10 including the spiked and recovered amounts and percent recovery.

TABLE 10 Examples of Fatty Acid Encoded Cellulose Acetate Filter Rods (Code 000-000-1000) Recovered Conc. (ppm) Example Lauric Acid Palmitic Acid Stearic Acid 146 0 0 966 147 0 0 921 148 0 0 942 149 0 0 1001 150 0 0 911 151 0 0 965 152 0 0 965 153 0 0 988 154 0 0 923 155 0 0 1089 156 0 0 1027 157 0 0 1079 158 0 0 1114 159 0 0 961 160 0 0 1002 161 0 0 866 162 0 0 1080 163 0 0 959 Average 0 0 987 Std. Dev. 0 0 66 Average % Recovery N/A N/A 99

Examples 164-181

The spike concentration for lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid in Examples 164-181 were 600-800-1000. Filter rods were prepared in the same manner as described above. The results are summarized in Table 11.

TABLE 11 Examples of Fatty Acid Encoded Cellulose Acetate Filter Rods (Code 600-800-1000) Recovered Conc. (ppm) Example Lauric Acid Palmitic Acid Stearic Acid 164 593 839 1091 165 570 839 1115 166 612 892 1232 167 571 896 1271 168 589 868 1253 169 688 995 1312 170 618 802 990 171 563 803 1170 172 545 756 984 173 652 962 1440 174 703 1134 1519 175 624 888 1325 176 612 792 1120 177 642 811 1017 178 744 1021 1294 179 772 1061 1393 180 795 1052 1256 181 716 932 1183 Average 645 908 1220 Std. Dev. 73 105 147 Average % Recovery 107 113 122

Examples 182-199

The spike concentration for lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid in Examples 182-199 were 800-1000-600. Filter rods were prepared in the same manner as described above. The results are summarized in Table 12.

TABLE 12 Examples of Fatty Acid Encoded Cellulose Acetate Filter Rods (Code 800-1000-600) Recovered Conc. (ppm) Example Lauric Acid Palmitic Acid Stearic Acid 182 858 1025 668 183 859 904 594 184 878 987 590 185 854 1081 702 186 773 968 680 187 745 855 604 188 811 914 612 189 840 1021 698 190 791 949 640 191 950 1232 858 192 894 1314 851 193 865 1006 724 194 974 1014 657 195 783 1011 672 196 897 1049 759 197 825 1029 763 198 857 977 665 199 968 1122 687 Average 857 1025 690 Std. Dev. 63 108 76 Average % Recovery 107 103 115

Examples 200-217

The spike concentration for lauric acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid in Examples 200-217 were 1000-600-800. Filter rods were prepared in the same manner as described above. The results are summarized in Table 13.

TABLE 13 Examples of Fatty Acid Encoded Cellulose Acetate Filter Rods (Code 800-1000-600) Recovered Conc. (ppm) Example Lauric Acid Palmitic Acid Stearic Acid 200 897 570 887 201 862 558 840 202 894 616 988 203 915 520 851 204 912 624 925 205 891 520 792 206 960 634 972 207 987 695 1098 208 941 718 1098 209 1142 723 1173 210 1012 637 858 211 1084 648 1059 212 1141 766 1091 213 1074 672 913 214 1051 606 882 215 1085 684 1035 216 1158 556 869 217 1198 702 1005 Average 1011 636 963 Std. Dev. 105 70 107 Average % Recovery 101 106 120

A series of polyethylene glycols (PEG's) as chemical taggants in cellulose acetate were evaluated using size exclusion chromatography as the method of separation and refractive index (RI) as the method of detection. The PEG's ranged in molecular weight from 200 to 20,000. Initial screening showed poor solubility of PEG's greater than 2,000 in solvents suitable for analysis (tetrahydrofuran, methylene chloride and hexafluoroisopropanol). Poor resolution of the lower molecular weight PEG fragments using these same solvents. No further work on using PEG's as a chemical taggant for acetate tow was pursued.

Polystyrenes are soluble in a broad range of solvents; including acetone and have the advantage of an aromatic side group which allows for detection via UV-Vis. Detection via UV-Vis simplifies analysis since cellulose acetate has a low UV response at the selected wavelengths, which makes the cellulose acetate almost invisible. To determine the linearity of signal intensity with increasing polystyrene concentration, calibration standards in THF were prepared for each polystyrene standard at 20, 30, 40, 50, and 100 ppm. These solutions were analyzed GPC with UV-Vis detection. Within this concentration range, signal intensity increased in a linear fashion with an increase in concentration with R² values near unity.

Example 218

A cellulose acetate dope containing polystyrene taggant was made by adding 2.0 mL of the respective calibration standard solution to a vial followed by enough cellulose acetate powder to provide the desired concentration of polystyrene. The vial was then placed on a shaker apparatus and gently agitated for more than 16 hrs. The homogenous dopes were then then analyzed via GPC with UV detection at 260 nm.

Examples 219-232

Example 218 was repeated to prepare additional dopes, for each polystyrene oligomer, by linearly increasing the concentration in increments of 10 ppm in each dope up to 50 ppm and a terminal sample at 100 ppm. The results are summarized in Table 14 including the spiked and recovered amounts and percent recovery.

TABLE 14 Examples of Polystyrene Spiked Cellulose Acetate Dope Samples Duplicate Samples Poly- Spiked Recovered Recovered Sam- styrene Conc. Conc. Conc. Average % ple Std. (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) Recovery 218  2k 20 19 20 96 219  2k 30 28 30 96 220  2k 40 38 40 98 221  2k 50 46 49 94 222  2k 100 98 107 102 223 20K 20 21 22 109 224 20K 30 29 30 99 225 20K 40 39 41 100 226 20K 50 49 52 101 227 20K 100 97 102 100 228 70k 20 20 22 104 229 70k 30 29 31 101 230 70k 40 39 41 100 231 70k 50 49 51 100 232 70k 100 97 103 100

Examples 233-235

The procedure of Example 218 was repeated to prepare three additional dopes, with varying concentrations of all polystyrene standards. The results are summarized in Table 15.

TABLE 15 Examples of Polystyrene Oligomer Encoded Cellulose Acetate Dopes Duplicate Samples Spiked Recovered Recovered Average % Conc. (ppm) Conc. (ppm) Conc. (ppm) Recovery 2,000 20,000 70,000 2,000 20,000 70,000 2,000 20,000 70,000 2,000 20,000 70,000 Example MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW MW 233 100 20 50 93 23 53 91 23 52 92 114 106 234 20 50 100 16 49 97 17 49 98 83 98 98 235 50 100 20 42 88 20 43 88 20 85 88 100

To determine the linearity of signal intensity with increasing alkylated Cd/Se nanocrystals concentration, calibration standards were prepared for alkylated Cd/Se nanocrystals of each emission wavelength (490, 525, 575, 630 & 665 nm) in a solution of 230 mg of cellulose acetate in THF. Solutions were prepared at 10 ppm, 8 ppm, 6 ppm, 4 ppm and 2 ppm such that each solution was 5% wt. solids starting from a 100 ppm stock solutions of each Cd/Se nanocrystal in THF. These solutions were then analyzed via fluorescence spectroscopy. Within this concentration range, signal intensity increased in a linear fashion with an increase in concentration with R² values ranging from 0.95-0.99.

Examples 236-239

A speed mixing cup is charged with 1.0 g of cellulose acetate and 14.46 mL of THF. The container is sealed and placed on a continuous roller overnight to give a homogenous dope. Using the previously prepared 100 ppm stock solutions, varying concentrations of 525, 575 and 635 nm Cd/Se nanocrystal were then added to the prepared dopes in a manner so that all samples were 5% wt. in solids. The containers were then sealed and placed in a speed mixer for 60 sec. at 3500 rpm. The finished dopes were then transferred to quartz cuvettes for analysis via fluorescence spectroscopy. The results are summarized in Table 16 including the spiked and recovered amounts and percent recovery.

TABLE 16 Examples of Polystyrene Oligomer Encoded Cellulose Acetate Dopes Recovered Conc. (ppm) Recovered Conc. (ppm) % Recovery Example 525 nm 575 nm 665 nm 525 nm 575 nm 665 nm 525 nm 575 nm 665 nm 236 12 10 6 12 13 7 99 134 110 237 6 8 8 6 10 13 103 130 168 238 10 6 8 10 9 9 101 142 115 239 8 12 10 8 15 10 96 125 99

Sample Preparation for Fibers—Examples 240 and 241

The fibers were washed with ether solvent to remove the spin finish and dyed red. The fibers were then stretched across a frame and epoxied together to form a rigid rod of encapsulated fibers. The epoxied rod of fibers was cut perpendicular to the fiber axis to form a sample of 3 micron thickness. The sample was placed endwise on a microscope slide with cover plate and observed and photographed under a microscope.

Sample Preparation for Filter Rods—Examples 242-255

25 g of Electron Microscopy Sciences® Epo-Fix low viscosity resin with 3 g of hardener were mixed together. To the mixture was added 0.5 mL of dye mixture (14 g of ORCO® Orcocil Red B dye in 760 mL of ethanol). The mixture was stirred slowly until it was homogeneous. A 1.5-mL micro centrifugation tube was filled to ¾ capacity with the epoxy mixture. A 10 mm thick specimen from a filter rod was cut and placed on top of the epoxy. The filter was allowed to absorb the epoxy and the tube was placed in a tray and left in a controlled laboratory environment for up to 12 hours to allow the epoxy mixture to harden and embed the filter rod specimen. The specimen was removed from the tube by pitching the bottom of the tube with pliers.

The specimen was placed in a vice and a jeweler's saw was used to cut the specimen to a size suitable for the polishing chuck. The specimen was polished using the Allied MultiPrep polishing system with the following media and rotation speed sequence.

(1) 600 grit silicon carbide at 200 rpm

(2) 800 grit silicon carbide paper at 125 rpm

(3) Pan-B polishing mat with 6 micron diamond suspension at 100 rpm

(4) Pan-B polishing mat with 3 micron diamond suspension at 75 rpm

(5) Pan-B polishing mat with 1 micron diamond suspension at 50 rpm

(6) Final-A polishing mat with 0.5 micron diamond suspension at 30 rpm

The diamond suspensions were in polycrystalline glycol. After each polishing step, the specimen was rinsed with water, dried under nitrogen, and visually inspected using a compound microscope to ensure that the scratches from the previous step were sufficiently removed.

Image analysis of the polished specimen was generated by the following technique. The polished specimen was placed on an Olympus MZ-130X85 motorized microscope stage. Either the 5× or 10× magnification setting was activated. BX61 STREAM Motion system software was opened. The “Define MIA scanning area with stage” function in the software's “Process Manager” was used to identify the top left and bottom right corners of the polished specimen. Each frame was focused as indicated by the software, the image collection process was run, and the data was saved. The software can be used to produce a single stitched image of the full filter rod cross-section.

Example 240

A cellulose acetate yarn was produced with three different filament sizes. A single 19-hole spinneret contained the three differently sized holes. The 7 medium-size holes represented 36.8% of the total number of spinneret holes. The 6 large size holes were 1.32 times the area of the medium-size holes and represented 31.6% of the spinneret holes. The 6 small size holes were 0.67 times the area of the medium-size holes and represented 31.6% of the spinneret holes.

The yarn was produced using the above-described spinneret with typical production conditions for acetate yarn. Multiple plies of the yarn were wound to produce a fiber band with several hundred filaments. The sample of the fibers was prepared according to the sample preparation method discussed above. The areas of 275 individual filament cross-sections were measured. The filament areas were grouped into bins to produce a filament area distribution.

The measured filament area distribution was fit with the sum of three independent Gaussian distributions using the Solver function in Microsoft EXCEL. The mean, standard deviation, and a scalar (amplitude factor) were determined for each of the three Gaussian distributions with the constraint that the three scalars summed to 1.0. Area measurements and statistical analysis for the fibers produced from small size holes, medium-size holes, and large size holes are given in Table 17 under columns labeled 1, 2, and 3 respectively. Pair-wise t-tests showed that the three Gaussian distributions are significantly different at the 99% confidence level. For each Gaussian distribution, ‘n’ was taken to be the corresponding scalar times the total number of filaments. This statistical analysis is summarized in Table 17.

These results show that filaments of different sizes can be produced from the same spinneret and can be recognized as significantly different by routine image analysis.

TABLE 17 Parameters and statistical comparison of optimized Gaussian distributions for Example 240 1 2 3 Mean 0.587 1.003 1.406 Standard 0.094 0.092 0.099 Deviation Scalar 0.364 0.335 0.301 ‘n’ = scalar × 275 100 92 82 Statistical #2-#1 #3-#2 #3-#1 comparison t-statistic 31.07 27.60 56.75 Degrees of 190 172 180 freedom t-critical, 95% 1.97 1.97 1.97 t-critical, 99% 2.60 2.60 2.60

Example 241

A cellulose acetate yarn was produced using a 19 hole spinneret with triangle, circle, and square holes. FIG. 1(a) gives a photomicrograph showing the cross-section shapes of the fibers.

Example 242

Taggant spinnerets were manufactured with the same hole pattern and hole size as is typically used to produce an acetate tow item with a nominal 3.0 filament denier and 32,000 total denier. Each taggant spinneret had 20 round holes and 20 square holes with the remaining holes all being triangles as typically used to make tri-lobal or “Y” cross section fibers. One taggant spinneret was installed on an acetate tow production line to produce a nominal 3.0 filament denier and 32,000 total denier band which corresponds to 11,160 filaments. The number of spinneret holes with taggant cross-section shapes and total number of spinneret holes is given in Table 18. The tow was produced, conditioned, and baled using standard manufacturing conditions.

Filter rods were produced from the tow on an AF4/KDF4 plug maker at a tape speed of 600 m/m. The rod length was 120 mm. The combined weight of the paper and glue was 91 mg/rod, and the plasticizer weight was 44 mg/rod. Table 19 shows the average tow weight, pressure drop, and circumference, as well as the standard deviation, for 30 filter rods of each Example. FIG. 1(b) shows a stitched image of a full filter rod cross-section with an expanded region; the filter rod was made with acetate tow from Example 242. All 40 taggant fibers were counted in the filter rod.

TABLE 18 The number of each of two taggant cross- section shapes in each Example Taggant Number of holes Example spinnerets Round Square Triangle Total 242 1 20 20 11,120 11,160 243 2 40 40 11,080 11,160 244 3 60 60 11,040 11,160 245 4 80 80 11,000 11,160 246 5 100 100 10,960 11,160 247 6 120 120 10,920 11,160 248 7 140 140 10,880 11,160 249 8 160 160 10,840 11,160 250 0 0 0 11,160 11,160

TABLE 19 Properties of filter rods comprising identification fibers Pressure Drop, mm Tow Weight, MG w.g. Circumference, mm Std. Std. Std. Sample Average Dev. Average Dev. Average Dev. 242 550.6 5.5 316.5 6.4 24.27 0.04 243 554.8 4.5 316.5 5.6 24.28 0.05 244 555.1 7.0 317.7 7.2 24.28 0.04 245 558.4 5.7 314.3 5.9 24.29 0.03 246 552.6 5.9 315.1 7.1 24.29 0.05 247 550.5 5.2 315.6 6.1 24.28 0.04 248 556.2 6.5 318.9 6.2 24.29 0.04 249 553.3 4.9 311.5 5.2 24.29 0.03 250 552.8 5.3 320.0 7.2 24.28 0.04 Average 553.8 316.2 24.28 Std. 2.6 2.5 0.01 Dev.

Examples 243-250

Example 242 was repeated using the number of taggant spinnerets and corresponding number of holes as given in Table 18. Example 250 used no taggant spinnerets. The number of taggant fibers were also counted in a filter rod made from Example 243 and all of the expected taggant fibers were detected.

The average weight, pressure drop, and circumference of the filter rods made using the acetate tow from each of the examples is given in Table 19. The average weight and pressure drop for each of the 9 Examples are within two-sigma of the grand averages which indicates that inclusion of the identification fibers produced using round and square spinneret holes did not have a statistically significant effect on the measured rod properties.

Example 251

An acetate yarn sample was produced with a single spinneret having 19 flattened round holes. The taggant yarn sample was wound onto a package. The yarn sample was withdrawn from its package and fed into a tow band prior to crimping. The cellulose acetate tow was a typical commercial, “Y” cross section tow item with a nominal 3.0 filament denier and 32,000 total denier.

The tow sample with the taggant yarn was produced, conditioned, and baled using the same manufacturing conditions as normally used for the tow item. Filter rods were produced from the tow on an AF4/KDF4 plug maker at a tape speed of 600 m/m. The rod length was 120 mm. The combined weight of the paper and glue was 91 mg/rod, and the plasticizer weight was 44 mg/rod.

A sample of a filter rod from each Example was prepared for analysis by the analytical procedure described above. All 19 taggant filaments included in the tow band were identified in the sample.

Examples 252-255

Example 251 was repeated using hexagon, pentagon, “D”, and circle shaped spinneret holes, respectively. The yarns of Example 16 were dyed red. All 19 taggant filaments included in each tow band were identified in the sample of the corresponding filter rod.

Examples 251-255 show the ability to insert taggant yarns with different cross-section shapes into a tow band and successfully identify the taggant yarns in a filter rod.

Example 256

Two sets of forty polypropylene/polypropylene multicomponent fibers were produced wherein each multicomponent fiber comprised 19 islands in the sea. In the first set, the polypropylene of the islands were dyed blue while the polypropylene of the sea was undyed. In the second set, the polypropylene of the sea was dyed blue while the polypropylene of the islands were undyed. The islands were readily counted in each multicomponent fiber of both sets. The multicomponent fibers were drawn down in size and incorporated into an acetate tow band under normal conditions for producing acetate tow.

Filter rods were produced from the acetate tow band incorporating the multicomponent fibers. The multicomponent fibers were detected and counted (40) in both the acetate tow band and in the filter rod. Initial attempts to count the islands in the multicomponent fibers of the acetate tow band and filter rod were unsuccessful.

Other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of the embodiments disclosed herein. It will be understood that variations and modifications can be effected within the spirit and scope of the disclosed embodiments. It is further intended that the specification and examples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the disclosed embodiments being indicated by the following claims. 

We claim:
 1. A method of making an acetate tow band comprising fibers, wherein the fibers comprise standard fibers and identification fibers, wherein the standard fibers comprise cellulose acetate, wherein the method comprises: (a) obtaining the identification fibers (b) producing the standard fibers on a first fiber production process; and (c) combining the identification fibers and the standard fibers into the acetate tow band, wherein a portion of the identification fibers comprise 1 to 100 chemical markers, wherein an amount of each of the chemical markers, based on a weight of the fibers, is defined as a chemical marker amount, wherein at least one of the chemical marker amounts corresponds to a taggant chemical marker amount, and wherein a portion of the identification fibers exhibits at least one distinct feature, wherein the identification fibers comprise one or more groups of distinguishable identification fibers, each group of the distinguishable identification fibers being formed by the identification fibers having the same distinct feature or a same combination of the distinct features, wherein a number of the identification fibers in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers is defined as a fiber count, wherein at least one of the fiber counts corresponds to a taggant fiber count, and wherein (i) the chemical markers, (ii) the taggant chemical marker amounts, (iii) the distinct features in each group of the distinguishable identification fibers and (iv) the taggant fiber counts are representative of at least one supply chain component of the fibers.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the obtaining of the identification fibers comprises at least one of (i) producing a portion of the identification fibers on the first fiber production process, (ii) producing a portion of the identification fibers on a second fiber production process, or (iii) receiving at least a portion of the identification fibers from a third party.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the chemical markers comprise 1 to 50 taggant non-volatile organic compounds, or 1 to 50 taggant polymeric additives, each of the chemical marker amounts ranges from 500 ppb to 5,000 ppm, a number of the taggant chemical marker amounts for each of the chemical markers ranges from 1 to 20, and wherein the distinct features comprise 1 to 20 taggant cross-section shapes, 1 to 20 cross-section sizes, 1 to 20 taggant optical properties, or 1 to 20 taggant surface markings, and a number of the taggant fiber counts for each group of the distinguishable identification fibers ranges from 1 to
 10. 4. The method of claim 3, wherein the taggant nonvolatile organic compounds comprise fatty acids, wherein the fatty acids comprise lauric acid, palmitic acid, or stearic acid.
 5. The method of claim 3, wherein the taggant polymeric additives comprise polystyrene having an average molecular weight of 500 to 100,000.
 6. The method of claim 3, wherein the identification fibers comprise reference fibers, wherein the reference fibers exhibit a reference cross-section size and a reference cross-section shape, wherein a ratio of each of the taggant cross-section sizes to the reference cross-section size ranges from 20:1 to 1:20, and wherein the reference cross-section size and the taggant cross-section sizes are determined based upon an effective diameter.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the identification fibers comprise acrylic, modacrylic, aramid, nylon, polyester, polypropylene, rayon, polyacrylonitrile, polyethylene, PTFE, or cellulose acetate.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of the chemical markers is added to a spinning solution upstream of the first fiber production process, at a spinning cabinet contained within the first fiber production process, or at an individual spinneret contained within the spinning cabinet.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein one or more of the chemical markers are applied to a portion of the identification fibers at any point before the combining of the standard fibers and identification fibers into the acetate tow band.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein a spin finish or a crimper coolant comprises one or more of the chemical markers.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises adding a compound to a spinning solution used to produce a portion of the identification fibers, wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting compound CAS No. 84632-65-5, Copper Phthalocyanine (CAS No. 147-14-8), FD&C Yellow Lake No. 5 (CAS No. 12225-21-7), anatase titanium dioxide, rutile titanium dioxide, and mixed-phase titanium dioxide, whereby the taggant optical properties are exhibited.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein the taggant cross-section sizes range from 1 to 30 dpf and wherein a portion of the identification fibers comprise cellulose acetate.
 13. The method of claim 3, wherein the identification fibers exhibiting taggant cross-section shapes or taggant cross-section sizes are produced using distinguishable spinneret holes, each group of the distinguishable spinneret holes being formed by spinneret holes having the same distinguishable spinneret hole geometry, wherein each group of the distinguishable identification fibers exhibiting taggant cross-section shapes or taggant cross-section sizes are produced using a corresponding group of the distinguishable spinneret holes.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein all of the distinguishable spinneret holes are contained in a single spinneret.
 15. The method of claim 3, wherein one or more of the taggant surface markings are produced using noncontact equipment and wherein the noncontact equipment comprises use of laser, microwave, ultraviolet, x-ray electromagnetic radiation, or printer.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least one supply chain component comprises at least one of wherein the at least one supply chain component comprises a manufacturer of the acetate tow band, a manufacture site of the acetate tow band, a manufacturing line of the acetate tow band, a production run of the acetate tow band, a production date of the acetate tow band, a bale of the acetate tow band, a warehouse of the acetate tow band, a customer of the acetate tow band, or a ship-to location of the acetate tow band.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one supply chain component comprises the manufacturer of the acetate tow band and the customer of the acetate tow band.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein the at least one supply chain component comprises the manufacturer of the acetate tow band and the ship-to location of the acetate tow band. 